Kuyini ukuhweba kwe-HFT, amasu nezingozi, ama-algorithms

Ukuhweba okunemvamisa ephezulu – ukuthi kuyini, ukuthi i-HFT isebenza kanjani, amasu amakhulu okuhweba okunemvamisa ephezulu. Uma ngabe uke wafunda izici
zokuhweba kwe-algorithmic , khona-ke mhlawumbe uzwile into efana nokuhweba kwe-HFT. Izibalo zithi ingxenye yakho konke ukuhweba emakethe yase-US kwenzeka nge-HFT. Ngakho-ke yini ukuhweba kwe-high-frequency? Cabangela lesi sihloko.

Ukuhweba kwe-HFT – kuyini, ulwazi olujwayelekile

I-High Frequency Trading iwuhlobo lohwebo lwe-algorithmic olubonakala ngezikhathi ezimfushane zokubamba, isivinini esikhulu kanye nenzuzo enkulu. Amakhompyutha anamandla asetshenziselwa ukuhweba, enza inani elikhulu lokuthengiselana njalo ngomzuzwana. Ngokuvamile lawa amavolumu amancane akuvumela ukuthi uhlole imakethe. Ukuhweba kwe-HFT kuhlobene ngokuqondile nesivinini. Indlela ikuvumela ukuthi ulandelele ngisho nezinguquko ezincane ezintengo, kanye nokungafani phakathi kwamanani ekuhwebeni okuningana. Ukuhweba kwe-high-frequency kusetshenziswa esitokisini, emalini nakwezinye izimakethe. Kodwa muva nje ibuye yasetshenziswa ekuhwebeni kwe-crypto, njengoba ikuvumela ukuthi wenze ukuthengiselana okuningana ngomzuzwana owodwa nje, okukunikeza amathuba okutshala imali angenamkhawulo. Kunezinsizakalo ezikhethekile ezihlinzeka ngezinkundla zabo zokuhweba ze-HFT kubatshalizimali.

Indlela isistimu ye- HFT esebenza ngayo

Isihluthulelo sokuhweba kwe-HFT yekhwalithi ephezulu ukuzenzekelayo okugcwele. Nokho, lokhu akusho ukuthi le ndlela ifanele wonke umuntu. Amakhompyutha asetshenziswa enqubweni yokuhweba ahlelwe ukuthi asingathe ama-algorithms ayinkimbinkimbi. Bahlala behlaziya ukukhuphuka kwentengo kuze kufike kuma-millisecond. Ama-algorithms enziwa ngochwepheshe ukuze amakhompyutha akwazi ukubona izingcipho namathrendi okukhula noma ukwehla ngesikhathi. Imvamisa imizwa enjalo ayibonakali kwabanye abathengisi, ngisho nalabo abanolwazi olunzulu. Ngokusekelwe ekuhlaziyeni, izinhlelo zivula ngokuzenzakalelayo izikhundla eziningi ngesivinini esikhulu. Umgomo oyinhloko womhwebi ukuba ngowokuqala ukuzuza kumkhuba otholwe yi-algorithm.

Okubalulekile! Asikhulumi ngokweqa okukhulu kwezintengo, kodwa kunalokho ukushintshashintsha kwesikhashana okuvela lapho abadlali abakhulu bengena emakethe.

Ukuhweba okunemvamisa ephezulu ekuhwebeni kungasetshenziswa hhayi kuphela emakethe yamasheya evamile, kodwa nasemakethe ye-cryptocurrency. Nokho, akuwona wonke umuntu ongasebenzisa ama-algorithm ngendlela efanele. Amathuba okusebenzisa i-NFT lapha ayafana nawasemakethe evamile. Kepha kufanelekile ukukhumbula ukuthi amanani entengo ye-cryptocurrency ayaguquguquka kakhulu, ngakho-ke kunezingozi eziningi emakethe ye-crypto. Kodwa, ngokufanelekile, akhona namathuba amaningi okuzuza. Qaphela! I-Collocation ingenye yezindlela ze-NFT ezikuvumela ukuthi uzuze nge-cryptocurrency. Isetshenziswa ezimweni lapho iseva yokuhweba itholakala eduze nesikhungo sokucubungula idatha. Kuhle uma iseva isendaweni efanayo nokushintshana – lokhu kukuvumela ukuthi udlulise idatha cishe ngaso leso sikhathi. Ukubambezeleka kwesikhathi kumthengisi ojwayelekile kungase kungabi nandaba.

Yimaphi amasu nama-algorithms asetshenziswa ekuhwebeni kwe-HFT

Kunezindlela ezimbalwa ezikuvumela ukuthi wenze imali ngamadili asheshayo. Ake sicabangele ezinye zazo.

Ukumaketha

Isu liphakamisa ukukhiqiza ama-oda amaningi kuzo zombili izinhlangothi zentengo – phezulu uma amasheya ethengiswa, futhi ehle uma ethengwa. Ngenxa yalokhu, imali yemakethe ibonakala, futhi abadayisi abazimele bathola “amaphuzu okungena” kalula. Ngokuqondene nomhwebi we-NFT, kulokhu uhola ngokusabalala kwesidingo nokusabalala. Uma amathuluzi ezezimali edumile, kusho ukuthi asevele anemali ephezulu emakethe. Kodwa nge-liquidity encane, akulula kangako kumthengisi ukuthola umthengi.
Uma umtshali-zimali ethenga isibambiso esinoketshezi oluphansi, ngeke akwazi ukusithengisa ngokushesha. Kuzodingeka silinde umthengi. Noma unikeze iphepha ngentengo ephansi kumhwebi we-HFT, kodwa njengamanje. Ngenxa yalokhu, abathengisi be-HFT bahola ngezibambiso. Futhi, abenzi bezimakethe bangathola ikhomishini eyengeziwe ekuhwebeni ngokudala imali emakethe.

Ukulamula

Incazelo yale ndlela ukuthola umehluko emananini kumasayithi ahlukene. Okusho ukuthi, umhwebi uzuza ngokungalingani kwentengo phakathi kwamathuluzi noma izimakethe ezihlobene. Ama-algorithms akuvumela ukuthi uthole ukuhlobana phakathi kwamathuluzi ezezimali ahlukene, futhi wenze imali ngawo. Isibonelo esihle isitokwe kanye nekusasa kuso. Enye inketho yesu ukulibazisa i-arbitrage. Umthengisi kuleli cala uzuza ngokufinyelela kwangaphambi kwesikhathi olwazini. Ukufinyelela olwazini olubalulekile isikhashana ngaphambi kwabanye abadlali futhi inikeza umhwebi imali main. Ukuze ufinyelele ulwazi olunjalo, iseva itholakala eduze nezikhungo zedatha yokuhwebelana.

I-ignition impulse

Kwezinye izimo, abatshalizimali be-HFT bachukuluza ababambiqhaza bemakethe ukuthi bahwebe esikhathini esizayo, okubangela ukukhuphuka kwentengo. Isibonelo esihle ukwanda kokukhohlisa okukhulu okwabonwa emakethe yamasheya ngo-2012. Izinsimbi ezithengiswayo ezisekelweni ezahlukene zingaxhunywa. Lokhu kusho ukuthi uma inani lokushintshisana okulodwa lishintsha, intengo kwenye ishintshile nayo iyashintsha. Nokho, ulwazi alunikezwa ngokushesha. Isibonelo, kukhona ngaphezu kuka-1200 km noma 5 millisecond phakathi kweChicago kanye neNew York stock exchanges. Lokhu kusho ukuthi amarobhothi asebenza eNew York ngeke azi ukuthi kwenzakalani e-Chicago ama-millisecond amahlanu. https://articles.opexflow.com/stock-exchange/nasdaq.htm Uma kukhona i-spike emsebenzini wemakethe kuwo wonke ama-exchange, kuba khona “ukungavumelani” kwesikhashana kuzo zonke izihwebo. Kulokhu, intengo yekusasa ingase yehluke enanini lamasheya. Futhi, umhwebi angenza imali enhle kulokhu kushintshashintsha. Iyini i-HFT futhi yimiphi imisebenzi exazululwa onjiniyela nonjiniyela – ukuhweba okunemvamisa ephezulu ezintweni zamanje: https://youtu.be/662q9FVqp50

Iyiphi isofthiwe edingekayo

Kunezindlela ezimbili zokungena kwi-High Frequency Trading. Futhi inketho yokuqala ukuthola umthengisi ozinikele. Uma le nketho ingafaneleki futhi umhwebi efuna ukuzenzela ukuhweba okuphezulu, ungathenga imishini ekhethekile futhi ufake isoftware enamandla. Kukhona okunikezwayo okuningana emakethe kulokhu.

1. Okokuqala, khetha ukuthi iyiphi isu ozoyilandela. Umthuthukisi wesofthiwe uzokuthengisa kuphela uhlelo ngokwalo. Kepha kuzofanela ubhekane namasiginali, ama-algorithms namasu uwedwa.
2. Zilungiselele izindleko eziphezulu. Cishe, kuzodingeka ukhokhele izinsizakalo zomthengisi, i-Intanethi ezinzile, i-collocation.

Ngaphambi kokuthi uqale ukuzuza imali, izinhlelo zizodinga ukulungiswa. Njengemishini, ochwepheshe batusa ukuthenga ukushintshwa kwesivinini esikhulu – isibonelo, i-24-port Arista. Uma okokusebenza kusetshenzisiwe, khona-ke ukubambezeleka kwembobo ukuya ethekwini kuzoba ngama-nanoseconds angu-350. Ungasebenzisa futhi ukushintshwa okuvela ku-Blade Networks, enenani elithe xaxa lesabelomali, kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo isebenza ku-Fulcrum ASIC. Umhwebi uzodinga nekhadi lenethiwekhi elinomshayeli we-kernel bypass. Isibonelo, kungaba i-adaptha yenethiwekhi ye-10G-PCIE2-8C2-2S evela ku-Myricom yethrafikhi ye-UDP. Uhlelo lwe-Chronos lunconywa njengesofthiwe eshesha kakhulu. Inguqulo “yangokwezifiso” yeGentoo Linux iyifanele. Kubathengi, i-ITI Capital idume kakhulu. Ukuxhumana kungenzeka ngezindlela ezimbili:

1. Ukuxhumana okuqondile (i-DMA).
2. I-SMARTgate.

Ukuze usebenzise indlela yokuqala, udinga isofthiwe engaxhuma ekuhwebeni. Kufanele ibe namandla afanele wehadiwe. Amandla we-Hardware angabonakala esikrinini.
Ungasebenzisa le ndlela ngezindlela eziningi:

• Nge-VPN.
• Qasha iseva ebonakalayo evela ku-ITI Capital.
• Ukubekwa kweseva endaweni yamahhala. Iseva yeklayenti itholakala endaweni efanayo esikhungweni sedatha ye-DataSpace, kodwa hhayi endaweni yokuhlanganiswa, kodwa esakhiweni esingumakhelwane. Lolu khetho lushibhile kakhulu.
• Ukubekwa kweseva yeklayenti endaweni yokuhlanganisa.

Ngokuqondene nenketho yesibili, i-SMARTgate iyiseva ebambayo ekhawulelayo efakwe phakathi kwerobhothi
lokuhweba kanye nesango lokushintshisana. Ngenxa yale ndlela, iklayenti lingakwazi ukuhweba kusuka ku-akhawunti eyodwa, ngokuxhumeka kuzo zonke izimakethe ze-Moscow Exchange.
Ukuze ufinyelele i-akhawunti kulokhu kushintshana, kufanele uchofoze inkinobho ethi “Vula i-akhawunti” ekhoneni eliphezulu kwesokudla.
Uhlelo luzokucela ukuthi ufake inombolo yakho yocingo kanye nekheli le-imeyili. Uzodinga futhi ukuqinisekisa inombolo yakho yocingo.
Ngemuva kwalokho, iklayenti lizocelwa ukuthi lifake idatha ephelele ngaye – inombolo yocingo nekheli le-imeyili, imininingwane yepasipoti kanye ne-TIN. Ekugcineni, uzodinga ukusayina inkontileka nge-SMS.
Ulwazi oluningiliziwe mayelana nendlela yokusebenzisa itheminali izothunyelwa ku-imeyili yakho. Ukufaka itheminali, vele uchofoze inkinobho ethi “Landa”. Ukufakwa okwengeziwe kuzoba lula futhi kucace.
Uhlelo luzocela igama lomsebenzisi nephasiwedi – le datha izoza nesixhumanisi sokulanda kumeyili yakho. Ngemuva kwalokho, i-terminal izofakwa kukhompyutha.

Izinzuzo kanye nokubi kokuhweba kwe-HFT

Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi ukuhweba kwe-high-frequency sekusetshenziswe isikhathi eside emakethe yomhlaba, isimo sengqondo ngakho asicacile. Ngakho-ke, sicabangela kokubili izinzuzo nezingozi zale ndlela. Izinzuzo zihlanganisa:

1. Ukwenyuka kwe-liquidity ohlelweni lokwenza ukuthengiselana.
2. Ukwenyuka kwevolumu yokuhweba.
3. Yehlisa ukusabalala kwebhidi.
4. Ukwandisa ukusebenza kahle kwamanani entengo.

Kodwa kukhona nokubi:

1. Ngenxa yokuhweba okunemvamisa ephezulu, ukuntengantenga ezimakethe kuba kukhulu, ngoba kungenxa yakho ukuthi abadayisi abaningi be-HFT bayazuza.
2. Abatshalizimali abasebenza ngokuhweba okunemvamisa ephezulu bahola ngezindleko zabadlali abancane.
3. Ngezinye izikhathi lolu hlobo lwemali engenayo luhlotshaniswa nokuhweba okungavunyelwe – isibonelo, ukubeka phansi noma ukukhwabanisa.

Ukuhweba okungavunyelwe kubandakanya ukukhohlisa kwemakethe okuzenzakalelayo okukuvumela ukuthi udlule abanye abadlali. Ama-Spoofers afaka ama-oda amaningi ohlangothini olulodwa lwebhuku le-oda, ngakho kubukeka sengathi baningi abatshalizimali emakethe abafuna ukuthenga noma ukuthengisa impahla. Ama-Layering manipulators aqala ukudala inombolo enkulu yama-oda, bese ewakhansela – lokhu kuholela eqinisweni lokuthi intengo yempahla ikhuphuka noma yehla kakhulu. Ukuhweba okunemvamisa ephezulu (kusuka kwesiNgisi esithi “HFT, High-frequency trading”) – kuyini, ama-algorithms namasu asetshenzisiwe: https://youtu.be/Rc3GsNv1ffU

Kukuziphi izimo futhi ubani ongasebenzisa ukuhweba kwe-HF

Noma ubani angasebenzisa lolu hlobo lwemali etholwayo, njengoba sekuvele ama-algorithms angathengwa yinoma ubani. Kodwa abaqalayo kufanele baqaphele ngokukhethekile. Le ndlela ifaneleka ngokukhethekile kubatshalizimali bezikhungo abaqonda imakethe futhi bakwazi ukubhekana nokukhuphuka kwamanani okungalindelekile. Ngaphambi kokudlulela ekuhwebeni okuphezulu, kungcono ukuzama isandla sakho ekuhwebeni okuvamile futhi uthole ulwazi ukuze uqale ukuqonda imakethe. Kungaba ngcono ukuqala ngokuhweba nge-
intraday kuqala , bese udlulela ku-HFT.

Imibuzo nezimpendulo

Ungaba kanjani umthengisi we-HFT? Ungakwazi ukwenza isivumelwano nomthengisi, noma uthenge isofthiwe yakho.
Lisebenza kanjani isu Lokwenza Imakethe? Umtshali-zimali udala ukukhiqizwa kwe-oda ezinhlangothini zombili zentengo. Emehlukweni kulawa manani futhi kukhona amaholo.
Kuyini ukuqoqwa? Lena enye yezindlela ze-HFT, lapho iseva ibekwe eduze nesikhungo sedatha sokushintshisana. Lokhu kukuvumela ukuba unciphise isikhathi esivame ukuchithwa ekudluliselweni kwedatha. Le ndlela isetshenziswa kumasu amaningi okuhweba ama-high-frequency.