Menene bambancin fayil ɗin saka hannun jari: jigon da misalai

Bambance-bambancen fayil: yadda ake amintaccen saka hannun jari. A yau duniya ta shiga cikin wani yanayi na rashin zaman lafiya, kuma wannan ba zai iya shafar kasuwar hannun jari ba. Jiya kawai, ga alama abin dogaro (hannun jari, shaidu, da sauransu) waɗanda ke kashe kuɗi da yawa kuma suna kawo fa’idar riba, a yau suna faɗuwa sosai a farashi. Saboda haka, ya kamata masu zuba jari su kasance a shirye don sauye-sauye masu mahimmanci a yanayin kasuwa. Kuma don yin wannan, haɓaka fayil ɗin saka hannun jari don rage haɗarin kuɗin ku. https://articles.opexflow.com/investiii/investisionnyj-portfel.htm

Zuba jari fayil diversification – abin da yake a cikin sauki kalmomi

Ma’anar rarrabawa yana da faɗi sosai. Yana iya nufin tsarin faɗaɗa ikon kasuwancin don haɓaka riba. Bambance-bambancen fayil ɗin saka hannun jari yana nuna dabara don sarrafa haɗarin haɗari lokacin da ake samun kadarori a kasuwar hannun jari. Yana bayar da rabon kadarori (hannun jari, shaidu, ko wasu kayan aiki) ta yadda kasada ga mai fayil ko da yaushe ya kasance kadan kamar yadda zai yiwu.

Fayil ɗin saka hannun jari shine kadarorin da ake tarawa ta yadda ribar su ta cika maƙasudi da manufofin da mai shi ya tsara gwargwadon iko. Fayilolin zuba jari na iya haɗawa da ba kawai saitin kayan aikin da ake amfani da su a cikin kasuwannin hannun jari (hannun jari na kuɗaɗen musayar kuɗi,
makomar gaba , hannun jari, shaidu, da sauransu), har ma da kuɗi, karafa masu daraja, dukiya, adibas a bankuna daban-daban, da sauransu.

Hakanan, haɗarin mai saka hannun jari shine yanayin da bai sami matakin samun kuɗin shiga da ya tsara lokacin tattara fayil ɗin ba, ko ma asarar wani ɓangare na kuɗin da aka saka. Bambance-bambancen fayil ɗin saka hannun jari yana ba da izini da bayar da siyan mai saka hannun jari ba na kowane kayan aiki ba, amma siyan kadarori a cikin nau’ikan daban-daban waɗanda ba su da alaƙa da juna. Wannan yana ba ku damar ramawa ga raguwar samun kudin shiga a wani yanki saboda ribar wasu mukamai. Har ila yau, ya kamata a la’akari da cewa siyan kadarori (hannun jari) na kamfanoni daban-daban ba koyaushe ba ne. Misali, idan mai saka hannun jari ya sayi hannun jari na Chevron, Gazprom da Total, to wannan ba zai zama rarrabuwa ba, tunda duk waɗannan kamfanoni, duk da cewa suna da rajista a ƙasashe daban-daban, suna aiki a kasuwar mai da iskar gas ta gama gari. Kuma martanin da kasuwa za ta yi ga duk wani lamari zai shafi kowannensu. Idan, duk da haka, an kafa fayil ɗin daga hannun jari na kamfanoni daban-daban waɗanda ke aiki a wuraren da ba su da alaƙa, alal misali, samar da mai da iskar gas, gine-gine, fasahar IT, da dai sauransu, to, haɗarin sauye-sauyen kasuwa mara kyau a gare su za su kasance lokaci guda. zama kadan.

Menene mafi kyawun fayil ɗin saka hannun jari

Babu amsa maras tabbas ga tambayar – menene mafi kyawun fayil ɗin saka hannun jari? Kowane mai saka hannun jari yana da nasa buƙatun don babban fayil ɗin saka hannun jari, wanda ya dogara da abubuwa masu yawa, kamar hangen nesa na saka hannun jari, saita maƙasudi, rashin ƙarfi na kuɗi, da sauransu. Sabili da haka, ba wai kawai game da mafi kyau ba, amma game da ma’auni na zuba jari mai kyau. Mai saka hannun jari zai iya samun irin wannan fayil ɗin idan an bambanta shi da kyau. Lokacin da riba da kasadar da ke cikinta za su cika burin mai saka hannun jari gwargwadon yiwuwa. A lokaci guda kuma, kowane ɗayan masu saka hannun jari zai sami nasa kudin shiga da ake tsammani da kuma haɗari mai karɓuwa. Ana iya misalta abin da ke sama ta samfurin sharadi mai zuwa. Bari mu ɗauki manyan “nau’ikan masu zuba jari” guda uku:

Masu zuba jari masu ra’ayin mazan jiya

Irin waɗannan masu zuba jari, da farko, suna son adana dukiyoyinsu da kare su daga hanyoyin hauhawar farashin kayayyaki. Sabili da haka, a gare su, haɓakawa zai ƙunshi samun mafi yawan abin dogara (bonds, hannun jari, da dai sauransu) na barga, manyan kamfanoni. [taken magana id = “abin da aka makala_11988” align = “aligncenter” nisa = “941”]
Nau’in fayil ɗin saka hannun jari[/taken magana]

Matsakaicin Masu saka hannun jari

A shirye suke su fara saka hannun jari masu haɗari don haɓaka kudaden shiga. Amma babban burin irin waɗannan masu zuba jari shine har yanzu don tara jari (a cikin manufofin da aka saita) na shekaru 10-20. Don haka, hannun jarin su ya mamaye hannun jarin babban kasuwa, kuma kusan dukkanin sassan tattalin arziki suna cikin sa.

M masu zuba jari

Irin waɗannan masu saka hannun jari suna ƙoƙari su sami babban riba da sauri, sabili da haka cikin sauƙin je zuwa faɗuwar fayil ɗin saka hannun jari. Ga irin waɗannan masu saka hannun jari, rarrabuwar kawuna za ta kasance cikin saka hannun jari. [taken magana id = “abin da aka makala_11994
” align = “aligncenter” nisa = “450”

Zuba jari jarin jari ne wanda ake saka jari a cikin ayyuka masu ban sha’awa da yawa (amma masu haɗari) a farkon farkon samuwar su.

Tare da babban yuwuwar, irin waɗannan ayyukan 8 daga cikin 10 za su gaza. Amma kudaden shiga da aka samu daga ayyukan da aka yi nasarar aiwatarwa zai cika asarar da aka samu kuma ya kawo riba mai yawa.

Yadda ake gina fayil ɗin saka hannun jari

Don haka, kafin fara samar da fayil ɗin saka hannun jari, mai ciniki / mai saka jari dole ne ya fara yanke shawara kan manufofin da yake bi da dabarun da zai yi amfani da su. Makasudin na iya zama daban-daban – daga samun dukiya (gidan gida, gida, mota mai tsada, da dai sauransu), zuwa biyan kuɗin ilimi ga yara ko samar da ƙarin kudin shiga bayan ritaya. Alal misali, wani mai saka jari wanda ke da shekaru 25-30 ya yanke shawarar kafa asusun fansho don kansa. Yana da shekaru 30-40 a gabansa. Sabili da haka, dole ne ya samar da fayil ɗin saka hannun jari na kadarorin da suka riga sun nuna kyakkyawan sakamako mai kyau da kwanciyar hankali a cikin dogon lokaci. A lokaci guda, ko da wasu drawdown na hannun jari, na wani ɗan gajeren lokaci, ba zai musamman tasiri irin wannan fayil, saboda za a yi quite wani isasshen lokaci a gaba. don su daidaita kuma su ci gaba da girma. A lokaci guda, idan lokacin zuba jari yana da ɗan gajeren lokaci, shekaru 2-4, to, fayil ɗin a gare su ya fi dacewa daga hannun jari tare da babban kwanciyar hankali, kodayake ba tare da mafi girman matakin samun kudin shiga ba (yawanci waɗannan su ne shaidu ”
blue chips “). Bayan an ƙayyade manufofin da hanyoyin, mai saka jari ya fara samar da fayil, yana zaɓar dukiyar da yake bukata tare da sigogi masu dacewa. A cikin wannan lokacin, zaku iya komawa zuwa matakai da yawa na rarrabuwa lokaci guda: [taken magana id = “abin da aka makala_12002” align = “aligncenter” nisa = “701”]
Misali na hada madaidaicin fayil ɗin saka hannun jari.

Ta nau’in kuɗi

A cikin wannan ɓangaren fayil ɗin, yana da kyau a sami takaddun takaddun da ake siyarwa da yawa daga cikin mafi kwanciyar hankali (daloli, Yuro, yuan, da sauransu). A wannan yanayin, kowane, ko da faɗuwar kaifi sosai a cikin ɗayan agogo ba zai yi tasiri mai mahimmanci ga ƙimar duk fayil ɗin saka hannun jari ba.

Ta jiha

Kada ku ƙyale tara dukiyoyin kowace ƙasa ɗaya a cikin fayil ɗin ku, amma rarraba su lokaci ɗaya tsakanin manyan ƙasashe na duniya. Hakan dai zai kaucewa hasarar gagarumar asara idan aka samu sauye-sauye kwatsam a daya daga cikin kasashen, faduwar darajar tattalin arzikinta.

Ta hanyar ajin kadari

Da farko, waɗannan su ne hannun jari, shaidu da sauran abubuwan tsaro. Ta hanyar siyan hannun jari, mai saka hannun jari, da farko, yana shirin cewa ƙimar su, kuma, daidai da haka, farashin zai ƙaru. Lokacin siyan shaidu, ya dogara da, da farko, daidaiton biyan kuɗin shiga na coupon akan su. Bugu da ƙari, za ku iya saka hannun jari a cikin kuɗin musayar musayar (BPIF,  
ETF ), kuɗi da zinariya. [taken magana id = “abin da aka makala_11983” align = “aligncenter” nisa = “624”]
Yadda ake ƙirƙirar fayil ɗin saka hannun jari ga mutum daga karce – menene bambance-bambancen fayil ɗin saka hannun jari ta bangaren[/ taken magana]

Ta bangaren tattalin arziki

Waɗanda, bi da bi, ko da yake a cikin sharadi, an raba su zuwa kafaffen dawo da karko. Kuma sababbi, tare da babban matakin ƙirƙira, waɗanda ke ɗauke da haɗari, amma tare da saka hannun jari mai nasara, za su iya kawo babban kuɗin shiga ga waɗanda suka ga yuwuwar su a cikin lokaci.

Ta kamfanoni

Samun hannun jari na takamaiman kamfanoni. Zaɓin da ke buƙatar mai saka jari don samun zurfin ilimin yanayin kasuwa, ikon kewaya alamomi da zurfin fahimta. Lokacin sayen Securities, ya kamata ka kula da gaskiyar cewa kadari ɗaya ba ya mamaye fiye da 10% na saka hannun jari, kuma wani yanki na tattalin arzikin bai wuce 20%. Karɓar fayil ɗin saka hannun jari a cikin sauƙi: https://youtu.be/CA7d9VSi7NE

Menene ma’anar rarrabuwa lokacin saka hannun jari

Ka’idar “portfolio” da aka karɓa a yau wata hanya ce da ke ba ku damar zaɓar kadarorin da ke kawo mafi girman samun kudin shiga tare da ƙananan haɗari. A cewarta, domin a samu nasarar gudanar da hadurran da ke tattare da saka hannun jari, mutum na iya saka hannun jari ta hanyar rarraba kayayyaki. Don haka, idan kun haɗu da dukiya masu haɗari da kwanciyar hankali, za ku iya ƙirƙirar madaidaicin fayil. Misali, tare da hannun jari, zaku iya siyan shaidu. A lokaci guda, haɗarin saka hannun jari gabaɗaya zai yi ƙasa sosai fiye da yanayin siyan kayan aiki ɗaya. Ka’idar ta kuma bayyana cewa dole ne a daidaita kadarori a sassan tattalin arzikin da ba su da alaka da juna. Misali, a ce darajar wasu kayyakin sun fadi sosai sakamakon karin farashin wasu kayan masarufi, yayin da wasu kuma suka tashi sosai. [taken magana id = “abin da aka makala_12003” align = “aligncenter”
Nau’in hatsarori a cikin ƙirƙirar fayil ɗin saka hannun jari – matsakaici, daidaitacce, m [/ taken magana]

Ƙirƙirar Fayil ɗin Juyawa – Ribobi da Fursunoni

Kamar kowane tsarin aiki, rarrabuwa yana da fa’idodi da rashin amfani.

Ribobi na Diversification

Babu shakka fa’idodin haɓakawa sun haɗa da:

1. Rage haɗari zuwa matakin karɓuwa . Yiwuwar mai saka hannun jari zai yi asarar kuɗi mai yawa yana raguwa sosai.
2. Dama ga mai saka hannun jari don saka hannun jarin wani ɓangare na kudaden cikin haɗari, amma kadarorin riba mai yawa . A cikin babban fayil ɗin saka hannun jari daban-daban, irin waɗannan kadarorin ba za su ƙara yawan haɗarin gaba ɗaya ba.
3. Kariya daga babban canji na kasuwa.
4. A cikin dogon lokaci, zai iya ƙara yawan dawo da kuɗin zuba jari .

Fursunoni na Diversification

Abubuwan da ke tattare da rarrabawa sun haɗa da:

1. Ba zai kare shi daga haɗarin tsarin da ke shafar duk abubuwan tsaro a kasuwa ba.
2. Matsalolin sarrafa fayil ɗin saka hannun jari, saboda yawan kadarorin da ke tattare da shi, yana da wahala a sarrafa su.
3. Ƙimar kwamitocin, yawan kuɗin da mai saka jari ke siya, yawan kwamitocin da zai biya.
4. Yawaita yawa na iya rage yawan dawo da fayil.
5. Ƙimar samun iyaka a cikin gajeren lokaci.

Yadda rarrabuwar kawuna ke shafar amincin babban fayil ɗin saka hannun jari da yadda ake yin rabon kadara mai kyau: https://youtu.be/GH6e9aY2BOI

Akwai misalan cikakkun ma’auni na ma’auni na saka hannun jari

Masana kimiyya da masu zuba jari sun dade suna ƙoƙarin ƙirƙirar babban fayil ɗin saka hannun jari na “madaidaici” wanda ke da tabbacin samar da babban riba tare da rage duk wani haɗari gaba ɗaya. Amma irin wannan fayil ɗin yana yiwuwa ne kawai a cikin duniyar “mafi kyau”, kuma tun da masu zuba jari dole ne suyi aiki tare da gaskiya, zai yiwu a gano ko wane fayil zai zama mafi riba a cikin shekaru goma kawai bayan shekaru goma. Tattalin arzikin duniya na ci gaba da canzawa kuma wasu canje-canjen nasa ba zai yiwu a iya hasashen ba. Don haka, ya kamata masu saka hannun jari da kyar su kashe lokacinsu don neman “madaidaicin” fayil ɗin saka hannun jari. Kuma yana da daraja tattara fayil ɗin da ya fi cika cika daidai yanayin da ake ciki a kasuwannin hannayen jari, kuma fara aiki tare da shi. Don ƙarin fahimta da cikakkiyar fahimtar alamomin ƙasa, Yana da daraja la’akari da wasu shahararrun nau’ikan ma’auni na saka hannun jari. [taken magana id = “abin da aka makala_12615” align = “aligncenter” nisa = “444”]
Misali na cikakkun ma’auni na ma’auni na saka hannun jari[/taken magana]

Nau’in fayil ɗin saka hannun jari – “Portfolio na dindindin”

Irin wannan nau’in ya bayyana a farkon 70s na karni na karshe kuma shine mafi sauki nau’in ma’auni na zuba jarurruka
. A lokaci guda, kowane ɗayan kadarorin yana lissafin kusan kashi ɗaya cikin huɗu na duk kuɗin da aka saka. A taƙaice, idan adadin jarin da aka zuba a cikin jarin ya kasance miliyan 10, to, kowane ɗayan kadarorin ya kai miliyan 2.5, bi da bi. [taken magana id = “abin da aka makala_11983” align = “aligncenter” nisa = “624”]
Yadda ake ƙirƙirar fayil ɗin saka hannun jari ga mutum daga karce – menene bambance-bambancen fayil ɗin saka hannun jari ta bangaren[/ taken magana]

Nau’in fayil ɗin saka hannun jari – 50 zuwa 50

A cikin wannan fayil ɗin, 50% na kudaden da aka saka ana saka hannun jari a cikin siyan hannun jari da 50% a cikin shaidu. A sa’i daya kuma, dukiyoyin da aka samu a cikin gida su ma suna da yawa, don haka idan akasarin hannayen jarin na kamfanonin Amurka ne, to a cikin lamuni, mafi mahimmancin bangaren mallakar kamfanonin Sinawa ne ko na Rasha.
Misali: Hannun jari a cikin adadin kashi hamsin na fayil:

• TSPX (US blue kwakwalwan kwamfuta) – 30%
• TMOS (Kwayoyin shuɗi na Rasha) – 5%
• VTBE (hannun jari na kamfanoni a wasu ƙasashe) -15%
• Hannun jari a cikin adadin kashi hamsin na fayil ɗin:
• OFZ (bonds na Ma’aikatar Kudi na Tarayyar Rasha) – 30%
• FXRU (haɗin kuɗi na kamfanonin Rasha) – 10%
• FXRB (haɗin kuɗi na kamfani na Rasha tare da kariya daga canje-canje a cikin canjin canjin) – 10%.

Nau’in fayil ɗin zuba jari – “Babban fayil”

Wannan nau’in yana da ɗan kamanni tare da “fayil ɗin madawwami”, amma kuma yana da babban bambance-bambance daga gare ta. Da farko, ya hada da zuba jari a cikin dukiya da kuma abin da ake kira madadin – cryptocurrency, tsabar kudi, tambari, ayyukan fasaha, kayan gargajiya.
Yana iya zama kamar haka:

• Raba hannun jari – 25%.
• Kunshin Bond – 25%.
• Karfe masu daraja – 20%.
• Gidajen gidaje – 20%.
• Sauran madadin zuba jari – 10%.

[taken magana id = “abin da aka makala_11982” align = “aligncenter” nisa = “624”]
Fayil na hannun jari a cikin kamfanoni na cikin gida da na waje[/taken magana]

Nau’in fayil ɗin saka hannun jari – “Takardar Kuɗi”

Irin wannan fayil ɗin saka hannun jari ya ƙunshi kuɗaɗe na keɓance kuma bai dace da samar da ƙarin ƙarin kudin shiga na gaske ko tarin jari ba. Amma irin wannan fayil ɗin yana da kyau don adana kuɗin da aka saka. Kuma, idan mai saka jari ya yi niyyar yin kashe kuɗinsa na gaba daga wannan fayil ɗin, to babu buƙatar aiwatar da canjin kuɗi.
Yadda ake ƙirƙirar fayil ɗin saka hannun jari, rarrabuwar fayil, raba kadara: https://youtu.be/L6AzLPWEUZI

Sake daidaitawa wata hanya ce ta hana haɓakar haɗari ga jakar saka hannun jari

A cikin aiwatar da aiki, rabon kadarorin da ke cikin kundin saka hannun jari na iya canzawa sosai. Wannan yana faruwa ne saboda ƙimar kadarorin daban-daban a cikin fayil ɗin ya bambanta da rashin daidaituwa. Wasu daga cikinsu za su tashi a farashi da sauri, kuma idan ba a dauki mataki ba, to a wani lokaci yana iya faruwa cewa ɗayan kadari ɗaya ne kawai zai fara lissafin mafi yawan ƙimar kuɗin zuba jari. Kuma a zahiri, sakamakon irin wannan rashin daidaituwa a cikin jakar hannun jari, haɗarin zai karu. Don guje wa irin wannan yanayin, mai saka hannun jari yana buƙatar sake daidaita jakar hannun jarinsa lokaci-lokaci. Me ya sa ya zama dole a ci riba daga kadarorin da ke girma kuma a yi amfani da waɗannan adadin don samun kadarorin da ba sa girma sosai ko ma sag har sai fayil ɗin ya sake daidaitawa. Idan ma’auni a cikin fayil ɗin zuba jari ya canza a cikin ƙananan ƙananan (1-3%), to babu abin da za a iya canza a cikin fayil ɗin. Idan ma’auni ya damu da fiye da 10%, to ya zama dole don sake daidaita fayil ɗin kuma mayar da shi zuwa matakin asali na rabon kadari.
A matsayin misali: A
ce babban fayil ɗin mai saka jari yana da haja zuwa rabon haɗin gwiwa na 70/30. Wani ɓangare na hannun jari ya girma cikin farashi, kuma yanzu wannan rabo ya riga ya kasance 80/20. Domin mayar da fayil ɗin zuwa ma’auni na asali, mai saka jari dole ne ko dai ya sayi ƙarin shaidu ko kuma ya sayar da wasu hannun jari. A lokaci guda kuma, dole ne a tuna cewa manufar sake daidaitawa ba don ƙara yawan ribar hannun jari ba, amma don rage haɗarin da zai iya yiwuwa.