Exchange Traded ETF Fund – Mitundu, Ndalama, Phindu

Exchange-traded ETF fund – ndi chiyani m’mawu osavuta okhudzana ndi zovuta.ETFs (ndalama zogulitsa malonda) ndi mtundu wa ndalama zomwe zimagwirizanitsa. Pogula gawo la thumba loterolo kwa ma ruble a 4,000 okha, mumakhala mwiniwake wa magawo ochepa m’makampani monga Microsoft, Apple, MasterCard, Tesla, Facebook, Google, McDonald’s ndi ena ambiri. Thumba la VTI losiyanasiyana kwambiri limaphatikizapo masheya opitilira 3,900. Kuti abwerezenso kusiyanasiyana kotereku muakaunti yawo, woyimilira payekha angafune ndalama zambiri. Kwa ma inverters ambiri, izi sizipezeka. Pali ndalama zogulitsirana zosinthana ndi index zomwe zimakopera ndendende kupangidwa ndi kuchuluka kwa magawo a indices yapadziko lonse lapansi, ndalama zamtengo wapatali ndi zitsulo zamtengo wapatali, ETF zama bond ndi zida zamsika. Pali ndalama zopitilira 100 zomwe zimagulitsidwa pamsika waku US zomwe zimagwiritsa ntchito njira zosiyanasiyana. Mwachitsanzo,
Ray Dalio ” (ndalama m’masheya, ma bond ndi golidi osakwanira nthawi ndi nthawi), ndalama zomwe zimagawidwa m’gawo linalake lamayiko ena. Mothandizidwa ndi mbiri ya ETF, mutha kusonkhanitsa mbiri yamitundu yosiyanasiyana ndi mafakitale ndi dziko laogulitsa ndi ndalama zochepa kwambiri. Pali ma ETF omwe amayendetsedwa mosasunthika omwe amatsata ndendende mphamvu ya index kapena commodity, ndi ndalama zowongolera zogwira ntchito, momwe ndalama zomwe amapeza ndikutsitsa zimayendetsedwa ndi mamanejala. Ndalama zofala kwambiri ndizoyang’anira mosasamala – ali ndi malipiro ochepa ndipo mphamvu zawo sizidalira chikhalidwe chaumunthu.

Kusiyana pakati pa ETFs ndi mutual funds

Analogue yaku Russia ya ETF ndi mutual fund (mutual investment fund). Ngakhale pali kufanana, pali zosiyana

1. Ma ETF ambiri amayendetsedwa mosasamala ndi njira yotseguka . Izi zimapereka mwayi kwa wogulitsa ndalama, chifukwa zikuwonekeratu kuti ndi zida ziti zomwe ndalamazo zimayikidwa. Wogulitsa akhoza kukhala otsimikiza kuti poika ndalama mu ETFs golide, ndalama zake zidzabwereza ndendende mphamvu zachitsulo chamtengo wapatali.
2. Mutual Investment funds ndi ndalama zoyendetsera ntchito . Zotsatira zandalama zimadalira kwambiri zochita ndi zolakwika za woyang’anira. Zochitika zenizeni ndi pamene mphamvu za mutual fund zimakhala zoipa pamsika wamphamvu wa ng’ombe. Koma kugwa kwa msika, ndalama zogwirizanitsa zikhoza kukhala zabwino kuposa msika.
3. Ma ETF amakupatsani mwayi wopeza malo osiyanasiyana , malinga ndi dziko, makampani kapena njira.
4. ETFs amapereka malipiro ngati alipidwa ndi magawo a ndondomeko yomwe amatsatira. Nthawi zambiri, zopindula zimabwerezedwanso pagawo loyambirira.
5. Ma ETF amagulitsidwa pamsika , ndipo wopanga msika amakhalabe ndi ndalama. Palibe chifukwa cholumikizana ndi kampani yoyang’anira kuti mugule. Ndikokwanira kukhala ndi akaunti yobwereketsa ndi broker aliyense yemwe ali ndi chilolezo.
6. Makomiti a ETF ndi otsika kangapo poyerekeza ndi mutual funds .

ETF – momwe mungayikitsire ndalama, mosiyana ndi ndalama zothandizirana: https://youtu.be/I8yKqqO5Vdg

Mitundu ya ETFs

Ma ETF omwe alipo atha kugawidwa m’magulu otsatirawa:

1. Ndi dziko – pa US stock exchange pali ndalama zomwe zimagulitsa pafupifupi mayiko onse kumene kuli msika wogulitsa. Pali ma ETF osiyana pa index iliyonse ya dziko lino.
2. Ndi magawo azachuma – pali ma ETF a magawo ena azachuma, pomwe magawo a gawo linalake lazachuma cha dziko lomwe akufunsidwa amasonkhanitsidwa. Wogulitsa ndalama sangagule index yonse, koma amangoyika ndalama m’mafakitale odalirika m’malingaliro ake.
3. Pazida zandalama – ma ETF atha kuperekedwa ku masheya, ma bond, zida zamsika zandalama (zomanga zanthawi yayitali mpaka miyezi itatu), ma ETF a ndalama, ma ETF azitsulo zamtengo wapatali, katundu wamakampani, malo ogulitsa.

ETF pa MICEX

Pali ma ETF osiyanasiyana opitilira 1,500 omwe amapezeka pa NYSE.
The Moscow Exchange imapereka mndandanda wocheperako kwambiri wa ETFs kwa osunga ndalama aku Russia (ma etf ambiri amapezeka kuti agulidwe kwa osunga ndalama oyenerera okha). Pakadali pano, ma ETF 128 ndi ma BIF akupezeka ku Moscow Exchange. Finex imapereka ma ETF awa:

• FXRB – Mlozera wamabondi aku Russia omwe amapangidwa ndi ma ruble.
• FXRU – Mndandanda wamabondi aku Russia omwe amapangidwa ndi madola.
• FXFA ndi chilolezo cha ma corporate bond olemera kwambiri a mayiko otukuka.
• FXIP – Zomangira za boma la US, zotetezedwa ndi inflation ndi hedge ya ruble, zimayikidwa mu ruble.
• FXRD – dollar zokolola zochuluka, benchmark – Solactive USD Fallen Angel Issuer Capped Index.
• FXKZ – thumba limayika ndalama m’magawo a Kazakhstan.
• FXRL ndi ndalama mu Russian RTS index.
• FXDE ndi ndalama mumsika wamasheya waku Germany.
• FXIT ndi ndalama mu gawo laukadaulo waku America.
• FXUS ndi ndalama mu US SP500 index.
• FXCN ndi ndalama zomwe zimagulitsidwa pamsika waku China.
• FXWO ndindalama m’magawo a msika wapadziko lonse lapansi, mbiri yake ikuphatikiza magawo opitilira 500 ochokera kumayiko 7 akulu kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi.
• FXRW ndindalama m’masheya apamwamba aku US.
• FXIM ndi ndalama mu gawo la US IT.
• FXES – magawo amakampani aku US pagawo lamasewera ndi eSports.
• FXRE ndi ndalama zogulira nyumba ku US real estate investment trust.
• FXEM – ndalama zogulira magawo a mayiko omwe akutukuka kumene (kupatula China ndi India).
• FXGD ndi ndalama mu golide.

Finex ndi kampani yokhayo yomwe imapereka ndalama za ETF kwa amalonda aku Russia.

Pali zinthu zofanana kuchokera ku Sberbank, VTB, BCS, Finam, Alfa Capital,
Tinkof Investments , Aton ndi ena. Koma onse ndi a BPIF. Makampani ambiri oyang’anira amapereka zinthu zofanana (thumba lomwe likutsatira index yayikulu ya msika
SP500 imayimiridwa ndi Sberbank, Alfa Capital ndi VTB). Zosinthazi zili pafupifupi zofanana, koma osunga ndalama omwe adagula magawo a Finex adapindula pang’ono chifukwa cha ma komisheni otsika. Mbali ya ETF pa Moscow Exchange ndikuti ndalama za ETF ndi madola, ndipo kuti mugule ETF yotere, ma ruble a akauntiyo amasinthidwa kukhala madola. Pali ma etf omwe amapangidwa mu ma ruble (omwe ali ndi hedge ya ndalama), powapeza wobwereketsa amatetezedwa kuti asadumphire mu dollar kupita ku ruble. [id id mawu = “attach_12042” align = “aligncenter” wide = “800”

Kuyika ndalama mu ETFs

Ubwino waukulu woyika ndalama mu ETFs ndikusiyana kopitilira muyeso kwa omwe ali ndi ndalama zochepa. Mfundo yoyendetsera ndalama kwa nthawi yayitali ndi “osayika mazira anu onse mudengu limodzi”. Wogulitsa ndalama mu ETF akhoza kusiyanitsa mbiri yake ndi kalasi ya katundu (masheya, ma bond) – malingana ndi njira yosankhidwa, kusintha magawo. Mkati mwa kalasi, akhoza kusintha kuchuluka kwa magawo a magawo osiyanasiyana a mayiko osiyanasiyana. Khalani ndi mbiri yosiyana siyana ya Eurobonds. Ma Eurobond ochepera amayambira $ 1000, pamitundu yosiyanasiyana ndikofunikira kukhala ndi zipembedzo zosachepera 15-20. Izi ndi ndalama zogwirika kale. Mukayika ndalama mu ETF ya Eurobond Index, mutha kugula dengu la 25 Eurobond pamtengo wa 1,000 rubles. Kuonjezera apo, wogulitsa ndalama ali ndi mwayi wogula katundu wochuluka kwa gawo laling’ono la mbiriyo.
zosafunika » zomangira Russia ndi dziko. Kuti ateteze mbiri yake, wogulitsa akhoza kuwonjezera ndalama mu golide.

Mtengo wapatali wa magawo ETF

Kubweza kwa ETF kumadalira kwambiri kusintha kwa msika. Pafupipafupi mpaka zaka 1-3, zimakhala zovuta kulosera, chifukwa zinthu zambiri ziyenera kuganiziridwa. Pazaka 10, ndi kuthekera kwakukulu, chuma chidzakwera mtengo kuposa masiku ano. Koma izi sizikutanthauza kuti mudzawona zochitika zabwino tsiku lililonse pazaka 10. Tiyeni tiwone momwe msika wamasheya wa US SP500 ukuyendera:
Zitha kuwoneka kuti msika ukukula ndipo pakadutsa zaka 10 wogulitsa ali ndi phindu. Koma pali madera omwe msika ukuchepa kwa zaka 2-3. Wogulitsa ndalama wopanda mwayi yemwe adagula pachimake kwa nthawi yayitali kwa zaka zingapo adatayika. Ndizovuta kuwona chithunzi chachikulu. Pafupifupi zokolola za nthawi yayitali ndi 4-5% pamagulu ndi 1-2% pama bond, osinthidwa chifukwa cha inflation. Zomangamanga za ETF zitha kuipiraipira kapena kuwongolera chithunzi chobwerera kwakanthawi kochepa kapena kwanthawi yayitali. Mukhoza kusonkhanitsa mbiri kuchokera ku ETFs, mwachitsanzo, pa webusaiti yovomerezeka ya Finex https://finex-etf.ru/products – phindu la mbiri yakale la magawo osankhidwa likuwonetsedwa bwino mu mawonekedwe a chithunzi.
Cholinga chachikulu cha Investor mu ETF ndi “Sindikudziwa komwe msika ukupita, koma patali misika ikukula.” Ntchito ya Investor sikupeza ndalama, koma kupulumutsa ndalama kuchokera ku inflation ndi zivomezi.
Wogulitsa ndalama za index amakana kusewera mpikisano ndikupambana msika. Amavomereza kulandira zobweza za index, koma savomereza kusinthasintha komweku. Kuti achepetse kusinthasintha, amasonkhanitsa mbiri ya ETF malinga ndi njira yosankhidwa.

Makomiti

Kuwonjezera pa ntchito yosinthira pamene mukugula ndi kugulitsa (malinga ndi msonkho wa
broker , koma ena ogulitsa samalipira komiti pogula ETF), muyenera kulipira malipiro otsogolera. Ma ETF oyendetsedwa ndi Finex amawononga 0.9% pachaka. Ndalamazi sizimaperekedwa mwachindunji kuchokera ku akaunti ya Investor, koma zimachotsedwa tsiku ndi tsiku ndikuganiziridwa pa zolemba. Ngati munagula ETF yomwe idakwera 10% pachaka, zikutanthauza kuti idakwera 10.9%.

Ndizosasangalatsa kuti komitiyi imalipidwa mosasamala kanthu za zotsatira za ndalamazo. Ngati thumba la index lidatayika 10% pachaka, mutha kutayika 10.9%.

Momwe mungagule ETF

Njira yosavuta yogulira ndalama za ETF ndi Moscow Exchange. Mabitolo akunja amapereka kusankha kokulirapo kwa ma ETF okhala ndi chindapusa chotsika. Poyerekeza, pali ma ETF akunja omwe ali ndi chindapusa cha 0.004% poyerekeza ndi chindapusa cha Finex cha 0.9%. Kudzera mwa broker wakunja, ndizotheka kugula ETF ya cryptocurrency. Chida chatsopano chomwe ndalama zapenshoni ndi osunga ndalama akulu aku US ayamba kale kuyikamo ndalama. Banki Yaikulu akuchenjeza za kuopsa kwa ndalama bitcoin ETFs. Ngati chida ichi chikutsimikizira kukhazikika kwake (nthawi yogulitsa ndalama ndi zaka zosachepera 10), opereka chithandizo aku Russia adzawonjezera pamndandanda wawo. Koma musaiwale kuti mu Russian Federation ETF zitha kugulidwa pa
IISndikubweza misonkho 13%. Ma broker ambiri salipira chindapusa chilichonse posunga akaunti ndipo ndizotheka kulipirira akauntiyo kamodzi pamwezi kapena sabata pang’ono. Ndibwino kuti mulowe m’misika yakunja, kuyambira ndi ndalama za $ 10-20 zikwi. [id id mawu = “attach_12053” align = “aligncenter” wide = “666”]
Zowopsa za ETF[/ mawu]

Mfundo yopangira mbiri ya ETF

Kuyika ndalama mosasunthika mu index index ndikofanana kwambiri ndi zomwe oyang’anira ndalama omwe amapuma pantchito amachita. Zomwe zimayendera ndalama – musayese kusonkhanitsa mbiri ya ETF kwa zaka 1-2. Cholinga chachikulu pakuyika ndalama mu ETFs ndikukhazikika kwamabizinesi, mosasamala kanthu za msika. Kuti musankhe ma ETF oyenera, tsamba la Moscow Exchange lidzathandiza wogulitsa ndalama, komwe mungathe kuwona mndandanda wa ndalama zonse zogulitsa malonda – https://www.moex.com/msn/etf. [id id mawu = “attach_12049” align = “aligncenter” wide = “624”]
Mfundo ya mapangidwe a ETF portfolio[/caption] Patsambali mutha kudziwana ndi ndalama zonse, onani kufotokozera mwachidule ndi kuwonetsera kwa thumba. Tsambali silothandiza kwambiri pakusaka kwa ETF, ndikofunikira kuti muzitha kufufuza ndi parameter. ETF screener ithandiza apa. Tiyeni tigwiritse ntchito ntchito ya Fin-Plan RADAR. Ntchitoyi imakupatsani mwayi wosanthula msika wonse wa ETF wa Moscow Exchange posefa ndalama ndi magawo. Posankha ndalama ndi ma komisheni ochepera 1% ndikuchotsa zobwereza, palibe njira zambiri zomwe zatsala.

1. FXMM ndi thumba la msika la ndalama ku US lomwe limayika ndalama mu ma bond achidule aku US kwa miyezi 1-3.

Fund iyi ndi yofanana ndi deposit deposit. Chodziwika bwino ndi chakuti graph yake ndi mzere wowongoka wolunjika mmwamba pamtunda wa madigiri 45.
Zokolola za US Treasury pakali pano zili pafupi ndi 0.3% ndipo zokolola sizili zowongoka ngati FXMM. Kusalala kwa curve yokolola kumatsimikiziridwa ndi kubisala kwa ndalama. Wogulitsa amaika ndalama mu thumba la ruble. Oyang’anira amasintha ma ruble kukhala madola ndikugula ma bond a Treasury ndi zokolola za 0.3%. Kuonjezera apo, woyang’anira amalowa mu mgwirizano wosinthana ndi ndalama. Kwenikweni, izi zikutanthauza kuti thumba limatenga ngongole ya kugogoda mu madola pamlingo wa 0,25% ndikuyika ndalama zomwe zalandilidwa pagawo la ruble pamlingo wa 4-5%. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, ndalamazo zimalandira ndalama za 4% ndi kusiyana kwa kusinthana kwa ndalama chifukwa cha kusinthanitsa ndalama (zikhoza kukhala zabwino ndi zoipa). Ndizofunikira kudziwa kuti ngakhale tchaticho ndi mzere wowongoka kwa nthawi yayitali, pali kulumpha kwakanthawi kochepa chifukwa cha kusowa kwa ndalama (zambiri zidachitika, zimakhudza mitengo). Choncho, ngati nthawi ya ndalama mu FXMM ETF ndi yosakwana mwezi umodzi, zingakhale zopindulitsa kukana ndalama zoterezi.

2. BPIF RFI “VTB – Emerging Countries Equity Fund” (VTBE ETF) . Kuti tisiyanitse, tiyeni tiwonjezere chuma chomwe chimayika ndalama m’maiko omwe akutukuka kumene ku portfolio.

Tiyeni tisankhe mu ETF screener zinthu zonse zomwe zimagulitsa zinthu zosakanikirana. Tiyeni tiyang’ane pa vtbe etf. Ndalamayi imayika chuma chamayiko omwe akutukuka kumene kudzera mu kugula kwakunja etf ISHARES CORE MSCI EM. Kuyika ndalama mu thumba ili kuwonetsetsa kuti mayiko osiyanasiyana azitha kusiyanasiyana. Nthawi yomweyo, komiti ya thumba ndi 0.71% yokha. Mukamagula kudzera pa broker wa VTB, palibe ntchito yosinthira.

3. Mbiri yakale ya VTBH ETF Tsopano, kuti tichepetse kusinthasintha kwa mbiri, tiyeni tiwonjezere ma bond. VTBH ETF imapereka mwayi woti muyambe kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama zogulira zokolola zambiri ku US. Kuti muchite izi, thumba lachigulitsiro limagula magawo akunja kwa ETF ISHARES HIGH YIELD CORP BOND.
4. DIVD ETF – thumba logulitsa malonda limatsata ndondomeko yamagulu a magawo a Russian Federation. Mndandandawu umaphatikizapo 50% ya magawo abwino kwambiri a Russian Federation motsatira: zokolola zamagulu, kukhazikika kwa magawo, khalidwe la wopereka. Chifukwa cha zopindula ndi mtundu wa mabizinesi, kubweza kwakukulu kuposa msika wotakata kumayembekezeredwa (chiwongola dzanja chapachaka kuyambira Marichi 2007 mpaka pano 15.6% vs. 9.52% pa msika waukulu wa equity)
5. Pazachuma ku US stock market, TECH (imapanga ndalama ku US NASDAQ 100 index) kuchokera ku Tinkoff Investments ndi FXUS , yomwe imafananiza mphamvu za msika waukulu wa US SP500, ndizoyenera kwambiri.
6. TGRN ETF iyeneranso kuganiziridwa kuchokera ku Tinkoff Investments . Avereji ya zokolola zapachaka zimakhala pamlingo wa 22% pachaka. Ndalamayi imayika ndalama kwa atsogoleri aukadaulo aukadaulo padziko lonse lapansi.
7. ETF FXRL ndi thumba lachilolezo lomwe limatsata zochitika za Russian RTS index. Poganizira kuti RTS ndi index ya dollar, etf imapereka chitetezo ku kusintha kwa ndalama. Ndi kukula kwa dola, index ya RTS imakula mwamphamvu kuposa MICEX. Ndalama zomwe zalandilidwa zimayikidwanso m’magawo a thumba. Fund imalipira msonkho pamagulu a 10%.
8. Kuti muteteze ku inflation, muyenera kuwonjezera gold etf, mwachitsanzo, FXGD . Fund Commission ndi 0.45% yokha. Ndalamayi imatsata mtengo wa golide weniweni pamsika wapadziko lonse molondola momwe mungathere, ndikukulolani kuti mudziteteze ku kukwera kwa mitengo popanda VAT.
9. Komanso, yang’anani ma ETF omwe amatsatira njira ya All Weather/Perpetual Portfolio – etf opnw from Otkritie Broker kapena TUSD ETF from Tinkoff Investments . Thumbali lili ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana mkati, wobwereketsa safunikira kuyesetsa kowonjezera. Oyang’anira amaika ndalama mofanana m’masheya, ma bond, golide. Etf opnw imayikanso ndalama ku US real estate funds.

Kuipa kwa ma ETF oterowo ndi ma komisheni apamwamba – thumba silimagula katundu mwachindunji, koma pogula ma ETF akunja, omwe umwini umafunikanso kulipira makomisheni. Iwo likukhalira matryoshka “thumba thumba”, ndipo ndalama, mwachizolowezi, kugona ndi ogula. Zindikirani kuti sikoyenera kukhala ndi akaunti yobwereketsa kuti muyike mu Portfolio Yamuyaya kuchokera ku Tinkoff. Chifukwa cha mtengo wotsika wa magawo – ma ruble 6 okha, Tinkoff akupereka ndalama kudzera mu “piggy bank” ntchito ku kirediti kadi ya Tinkoff. Mtengo wa utumiki ndi 1 ruble, palibe ntchito yosinthanitsa. Ndizotheka kusunga ndalama pobweza ndalama, kubweza ndalama pa khadi kapena chiwongola dzanja pa balansi.

Kwa eni maakaunti a brokerage, mtundu uwu wa ETF, ngakhale kuti ndi wosavuta, ndi wokwera mtengo kwambiri. Ndi bwino kutenga nthawi pang’ono ndikupanga mbiri ya ETF nokha. Pazaka 20, ngakhale ma komisheni ochepa a 0.01-0.05% amasintha kukhala ndalama zowoneka.

Posankha ma ETF odalirika kwambiri, muyenera kuganiza mozama padziko lonse lapansi. Zotsatira zandalama zazaka ziwiri zapitazi sizikutsimikizira kupambana komweku m’tsogolomu. Kuyika ndalama m’matangadza zomwe zawonetsa kukula mwachangu zitha kukhala zopanda phindu pazaka zingapo zikubwerazi. Gawolo likhoza kutenthedwa ndikupumula. Kuyika ndalama mu index yotakata kumakhala kopindulitsa kwambiri chifukwa mawonekedwe a index akusintha mosalekeza. Makampani ofooka amasinthidwa ndi amphamvu. Makampani ambiri omwe adaphatikizidwa mu index ya SP500 sanalinso pamsika zaka 10 zapitazo, koma mphamvu za index sizinavutike ndi izi. Muyenera kuyesetsa kuganiza mozama padziko lonse lapansi, osayang’ana momwe ndalama ziliri pano, yesetsani kusankha njira zochepetsera komanso zosiyanasiyana. Pozindikira ma ETF odalirika kwambiri m’gulu lililonse lazinthu, kumene wogulitsa ndalama akufuna kuyika ndalama ayenera kugawidwa pagawo lililonse. Ndikofunikira kutsatira magawo otsatirawa:

• 40% ya ndalamazo imaperekedwa kuti igule masheya . Kwa mitundu yosiyanasiyana, masheya amagawidwa ndi dziko ndi mafakitale. Mtundu uliwonse wa ETF umapatsidwa gawo lofanana mkati mwa gulu ili;
• 30% – ndalama . Izi zidzachepetsa kubweza konse kwa mbiriyo, koma nthawi yomweyo kuchepetsa kusakhazikika kwa akaunti yobwereketsa. Zomwe zingakhudze bwino dongosolo lamanjenje la Investor munthawi zovuta;
• 10% ya mbiri – ndalama mu golide . Kuteteza koyenera gawo la mbiriyo. Mwina kenako gawo ili la mbiri akhoza m’malo ndi ndalama cryptocurrencies;
• 20% – malo olonjeza – masheya apamwamba kwambiri, ndalama zogulira makampani “obiriwira” polonjeza kukula kofulumira.

ETF kalozera – mafunso 15 akuluakulu: ndalama za ETF ndi chiyani, zimagwira ntchito bwanji, momwe mungapangire ndalama pa izo: https://youtu.be/I-2aJ3PUzCE Investing in ETFs imatanthauza kukhazikika komanso nthawi yayitali. Ndikoyenera kubwezeretsanso mbiriyo mwezi uliwonse – mawu odziwika bwino “mulipirire nokha poyamba.” Mukamawonjezeranso, muyenera kutsatira njira yomwe mwasankha, yang’anani kuchuluka kwazinthu. Katundu wina adzatsika mtengo, pamene gawo lawo mu mbiri lidzachepa. Zinthu zina zidzakula mtengo, gawo lawo lidzakula. Simuyenera kuyesa mosamala kwambiri kuti musunge kuchuluka kwake – zopatuka za 5-10% zili mkati mwanthawi zonse. Pali njira ziwiri zosungira zinthu – kugulitsa zinthu zomwe zakwera mtengo ndikugula zomwe zikutsalira m’mbuyo. Kapena kungogula iwo omwe akutsalira chifukwa chodzaza. Osagulitsa mpaka zolinga zandalama zitakwaniritsidwa. Njira ziwirizi ndi ziti zomwe zasankhidwa sizofunika kwambiri. Ndikofunika kusankha njira yoyendetsera ndalama kuti muzitsatira. Pogulanso nthawi zonse zotsalira ndikugulitsa katundu zomwe zawonetsa kukula, wogulitsa ndalama nthawi zonse amagula pansi ndikugulitsa pamwamba. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, sangadziwe mitengo yabwino kwambiri, koma pafupifupi mbiriyo idzawonetsa mphamvu zabwino kwa nthawi yaitali, ndipo ichi ndicho chinthu chofunika kwambiri.