INgxowa-mali ye-ETF yoThwebo-Iintlobo, uTyalo-mali, iNzuzo

Ingxowa-mali ye-ETF yotshintshiselwano – yintoni na ngamagama alula malunga ne-complex.Ii-ETF (iimali ezithengiswayo) luhlobo lotyalo-mali oluhlangeneyo. Ngokuthenga isabelo sengxowa-mali enjalo kwi-ruble ye-4,000 kuphela, uba ngumnini wesabelo esincinci sezabelo kwiinkampani ezifana neMicrosoft, Apple, MasterCard, Tesla, Facebook, Google, McDonald’s kunye nabanye abaninzi. Eyona ngxowa-mali ye-VTI ibandakanya ngaphezulu kwe-3,900 yesitokhwe. Ukuphinda loo mahluko kwiakhawunti yakhe, umtyali-zimali wabucala uya kufuna imali eninzi kakhulu. Kwii-inverters ezininzi, oku kuxutywa akufumaneki. Kukho iimali ezirhweba ngesalathiso ezikopa kanye ukubunjwa kunye nobungakanani bezabelo zezalathisi zehlabathi, imveliso kunye neengxowa-mali zesinyithi ezixabisekileyo, ii-ETF zeebhondi kunye nezixhobo zemarike yemali. Kukho ngaphezu kwe-100 yeemali ezahlukeneyo zotshintshiselwano kwimarike yase-US ezalisekisa izicwangciso ezahlukeneyo. Umzekelo,
Ray Dalio ” (utyalo-mali kwizitokhwe, iibhondi kunye negolide ngokungalingani kwexesha), utyalo-mali kwizabelo zecandelo elithile lamazwe athile. Ngoncedo lwepotfoliyo ye-ETF, unokuqokelela ipotifoliyo eyohlukeneyo ngoshishino kunye nelizwe labatyali-mali ngediphozithi ethobeke kakhulu. Kukho ii-ETF ezilawulwa ngokungenzi nto ezilandela ngokuthe ngqo ukuguquguquka kwesalathiso okanye imveliso, kunye neemali zolawulo ezisebenzayo, apho ingeniso kunye nokutsalwa phantsi zilawulwa ngabaphathi. Ezona ngxowa-mali zixhaphakileyo lulawulo lwe-passive – zinemirhumo ephantsi kwaye amandla azo axhomekeke kwinto yomntu.

Umahluko phakathi kwee-ETF kunye neengxowa-mali ezihlangeneyo

I-analogue yaseRashiya ye-ETF yingxowa-mali yokubambisana (i-mutual investment fund). Nangona kukho ukufana, kukho ukungafani

1. Uninzi lwee-ETF zilawulwa ngokungenzi nto ngesicwangciso esivulekileyo . Oku kunika inzuzo kumtyalo-mali, kuba kucacile ukuba zeziphi izixhobo kwiyiphi imilinganiselo imali etyalwe ngayo. Umtyali-mali unokuqiniseka ukuba xa etyala imali kwi-ETF yegolide, utyalo-mali lwakhe luya kuphinda ngokuchanekileyo ukuguqulwa kwesinyithi esixabisekileyo.
2. Iingxowa-mali zotyalo-mali ezihlangeneyo ziimali zolawulo ezisebenzayo . Isiphumo semali sixhomekeke kakhulu kwizenzo kunye neempazamo zomphathi. Imeko yangempela xa i-dynamics ye-mutual fund ingalunganga kwimarike yenkomo eyomeleleyo. Kodwa ekuwa kweemarike, iimali zokubambisana zinokuba ngcono kunemarike.
3. Ii- ETF ziya kukuvumela ukuba uqokelele ipotifoliyo eyohlukeneyo , ngokwelizwe, ishishini okanye isicwangciso.
4. Ii- ETF zihlawula izabelo ukuba zihlawulwe ngezabelo zesalathiso ezisilandelayo. Kwiimeko ezininzi, izabelo ziphinda zityalwe kumlinganiselo wokuqala.
5. Ii- ETF zithengiswa ngokutshintshiselana , kwaye umenzi wemarike ugcina imali yokuhlawula amatyala. Akukho mfuneko yokuqhagamshelana nenkampani yokulawula ukuthenga. Kwanele ukuba ne-akhawunti ye-brokerage kunye nawuphi na umthengisi onelayisensi.
6. Iikhomishini ze-ETF ziphantsi ngamaxesha amaninzi xa kuthelekiswa neemali ezihlangeneyo .

I-ETF-utyalo-mali njani kwiimali, ngokungafaniyo neemali ezifanayo: https://youtu.be/I8yKqqO5Vdg

Iindidi zee-ETF

Ii-ETF ezikhoyo zingohlulwa ngokwala maqela alandelayo:

1. Ngelizwe – kwi-stock exchange yase-US kukho iimali ezityala imali phantse kuwo onke amazwe apho kukho i-stock market. Kukho ii-ETFs ezahlukeneyo kwisalathiso ngasinye seli lizwe.
2. Ngamacandelo oqoqosho – kukho ii-ETF zamacandelo athile oqoqosho, apho izabelo zecandelo elithile loqoqosho lwelizwe elichaphazelekayo ziqokelelwa. Umtyalo-mali akanakho ukuthenga yonke isalathisi, kodwa utyalomali kuphela kumashishini athembisayo ngombono wakhe.
3. Kwizixhobo zemali – ii-ETF zingabelwa izitokhwe, iibhondi, izixhobo zemarike yemali (iibhondi zexesha elifutshane ukuya kwiinyanga ezi-3), ii-ETF zemali, ii-ETF zeentsimbi ezixabisekileyo, iimpahla zoshishino, i-real estate.

I-ETF kwi-MICEX

Kukho ngaphezulu kwe-1,500 yee-ETF ezahlukeneyo ezikhoyo kwi-NYSE.
Utshintshiselwano lwaseMoscow lubonelela ngoluhlu oluthozamileyo kakhulu lwe-ETF kubatyali-mali baseRashiya (ii-etf ezininzi ziyafumaneka ukuze zithengwe kuphela kubatyali-mali abafanelekileyo). Okwangoku, ii-ETF ze-128 kunye ne-BIF ziyafumaneka kwi-Moscow Exchange. IFinex ibonelela ngezi ETF zilandelayo:

• I-FXRB – Isalathiso se-Russian corporate bonds efakwe kwii-ruble.
• I-FXRU – Isalathiso seebhondi zenkampani zaseRussia ezifakwe kwiidola.
• I-FXFA sisalathiso seebhondi zeenkampani ezivelisa isivuno esikhulu kumazwe aphuhlileyo.
• I-FXIP – iibhondi zorhulumente wase-US, kunye nokukhuselwa kwexabiso lokunyuka kwamaxabiso kunye ne-ruble hedge, zifakwe kwi-ruble.
• I-FXRD – i-dollar ephezulu yebhondi yesivuno, i-benchmark – i-Solactive USD Fallen Angel Issuer Capped Index.
• I-FXKZ – ingxowa-mali ityalomali kwizabelo zaseKazakhstan.
• I-FXRL lutyalo-mali kwi-RTS index yaseRashiya.
• IFXDE lutyalo-mali kwimarike yemasheya yaseJamani.
• I-FXIT lutyalo-mali kwicandelo lobuchwephesha baseMelika.
• I-FXUS lutyalo-mali kwi-US SP500 index.
• I-FXCN lutyalo-mali kwimarike yemasheya yaseTshayina.
• I-FXWO lutyalo-mali kwizabelo zemarike yehlabathi, ipotifoliyo yayo ibandakanya ngaphezu kwezabelo ze-500 ezivela kumazwe angama-7 amakhulu ehlabathi.
• I-FXRW yi-investment kwi-stock-cap yase-US ephezulu.
• I-FXIM lutyalo-mali kwicandelo le-IT yase-US.
• I-FXES – izabelo zeenkampani zase-US kwicandelo lokudlala kunye ne-eSports.
• I-FXRE lutyalo-mali kwi-US real estate investment trusts.
• I-FXEM – utyalo-mali kwizabelo zamazwe asaphuhlayo (ngaphandle kweTshayina neIndiya).
• I-FXGD lutyalo-mali kwigolide.

IFinex okwangoku kuphela kwenkampani enikezela ngotyalo-mali lwe-ETF kubarhwebi baseRussia.

Kukho iimveliso ezifanayo ezivela Sberbank, VTB, BCS, Finam, Alfa Capital,
Tinkof Investments , Aton kunye nabanye. Kodwa bonke ngabakwaBPIF. Iinkampani ezininzi zolawulo zibonelela ngeemveliso ezifanayo (ingxowa-mali elandela isalathisi semarike ebanzi
SP500 imelwe yi-Sberbank, i-Alfa Capital kunye ne-VTB). I-dynamics iphantse yafana, kodwa abatyali-mali abathenge izabelo zeFinex bazuze kancinci ngenxa yeekomishini ezisezantsi. Isici se-ETF kwi-Moscow Exchange kukuba imali ye-ETF yidola, kwaye ukuze uthenge i-ETF enjalo, ii-ruble ezivela kwi-akhawunti ziguqulwa kuqala zibe ngamadola. Kukho ii-etf ezifakwe kwii-ruble (kunye ne-hedge yemali), ngokuzifumana umtyalo-mali ukhuselwe kwi-jump kwi-dollar ukuya kwizinga lokutshintshiselwa kwe-ruble.

Umgaqo wokwenza i-ETF portfolio

Utyalo-mali olwenziwayo kwiingxowa-mali zesalathiso lufana kakhulu nanjengoko kwenziwa ngabaphathi bemali abadla umhlala-phantsi. I-horizon horizon ibalulekile – akufanele uzame ukuqokelela iphothifoliyo ye-ETF iminyaka eyi-1-2. I-postulate ephambili yokutyalo-mali kwii-ETF kukuhlala rhoqo kutyalo-mali, kungakhathaliseki ukuba imeko yemarike. Ukukhetha ii-ETF ezifanelekileyo, i-website ye-Moscow Exchange iya kunceda umtyalo-mali, apho unokubona uluhlu lwazo zonke iimali ezithengiswayo ezithengiswayo – https://www.moex.com/msn/etf.
Umgaqo-siseko we-ETF yokwakheka kweepotfoliyo[/i-caption] Kwisayithi unokuqhelana nayo yonke imali, jonga inkcazo emfutshane kunye nokunikezelwa kwengxowa-mali. Indawo ayilungele kakhulu ukukhangela kwe-ETF, kuyafuneka ukwazi ukukhangela ngeparameter. I-ETF screener iya kunceda apha. Masisebenzise inkonzo ye-RADAR ye-Fin-Plan. Inkonzo ikuvumela ukuba uhlalutye yonke imarike ye-ETF ye-Moscow Exchange ngokucoca iimali ngeeparamitha. Ngokukhetha iimali ngeekhomishini ezingaphantsi kwe-1% kunye nokususa iimpinda, akukho zikhetho ezininzi ezisele.

1. I- FXMM yingxowa -mali yemarike yemali yase-US etyala imali kwiibhondi ezimfutshane zase-US kwithuba leenyanga ezi-1-3.

Le ngxowa-mali iyafana nedipozithi yemfuno. Isici esahlukileyo kukuba igrafu yayo ngumgca othe ngqo ojoliswe phezulu kwi-angle ye-45 degrees.
Imveliso ye-Treasury yase-US okwangoku ijikeleze i-0.3% kwaye i-curve yesivuno ayifani ngqo njengeFXMM. Ukugudiswa kwegophe lesivuno kuqinisekiswa ngokubiyelwa kwemali. Umtyali-mali utyala imali kwi-ruble yengxowa-mali. Abaphathi baguqula iiruble kwiidola kwaye bathenge iibhondi ze-treasury kunye nesivuno se-0.3%. Ukongeza, umphathi ungena kwikhontrakthi yokutshintsha ngokutshintshiselana ngemali. Ngokwenene, oku kuthetha ukuba ingxowa-mali ithatha imali mboleko yokunkqonkqoza kwiidola ngexabiso le-0.25% kwaye ibeka imali efunyenwe kwidiphozithi ye-ruble ngesantya se-4-5%. Ngelo xesha, ingxowa-mali ifumana ingeniso ye-4% kunye nokwahlukana kwezinga lokutshintshiselana ngenxa yokutshintshiselana kwemali (inokuba yinto enhle kunye nebi). Kuyafaneleka ukuba uqaphele ukuba nangona itshati ingumgca othe tye ngokugqibeleleyo kwixesha elide, kukho ukutsiba kwexesha elifutshane ngenxa yokunqongophala kwemali (into enkulu eyenzekayo, ezichaphazela amaxabiso). Ngoko ke, ukuba ixesha lotyalo-mali kwi-FXMM ETF lingaphantsi kwenyanga, kuya kuba nenzuzo ngakumbi ukwala utyalo-mali olunjalo.

2. I-BPIF RFI “i-VTB – iNgxowa-mali yoLingano yaMazwe asakhulayo” (VTBE ETF) . Ukwahluka, songeze i-asethi etyala imali kumazwe asaphuhlayo kwipotfoliyo.

Makhe sikhethe kwi-ETF screener zonke ii-asethi ezityalomali kwii-asethi ezixubileyo. Masiqwalasele kwi-vtbe etf. Le ngxowa-mali ityala imali kwii-asethi zamazwe asaphuhlayo ngokuthengwa kwe-etf yangaphandle ISHARES CORE MSCI EM. Utyalo-mali kule ngxowa-mali luya kuqinisekisa ukuhlukana kumazwe ngamazwe. Ngelo xesha, ikhomishini yengxowa-mali i-0.71% kuphela. Xa uthenga nge-VTB broker, akukho khomishini yokutshintshiselana.

3. VTBH ETF . Ngoku, ukunciphisa ukuguquguquka kwepotfoliyo, masidibanise iibhondi. I-VTBH ETF inika ithuba lokutyala imali kwiibhondi zase-US ezinesivuno esikhulu. Ukwenza oku, ingxowa-mali ethengisiweyo ithenga izabelo ze-ETF ISHARES HIGH YIELD CORP BOND yangaphandle.
4. I-DIVD ETF – ingxowa-mali ethengisiweyo ilandela isalathiso sezabelo zezabelo zeRussian Federation. Isalathiso sibandakanya i-50% yezabelo ezingcono kakhulu ze-Russian Federation ngokubhekiselele: isivuno se-dividend, i-dividend stability, umgangatho womniki. Ngenxa yentlawulo yesahlulo kunye nomgangatho weemodeli zoshishino, imbuyekezo ephezulu kunemarike ye-equity ebanzi ilindelekile (imbuyekezo engumndilili yonyaka ukususela ngoMatshi 2007 ukuza kuthi ga ngoku yi-15.6% vs. 9.52% kwimarike yezabelo zamashishini ngokubanzi)
5. Utyalo-mali kwi-stock market yase-US, i- TECH (utyalo-mali kwi-US NASDAQ 100 index) evela kwi-Tinkoff Investments kunye ne -FXUS , ephindaphinda i-dynamics ye-stock market yase-US ebanzi ye-SP500, ifaneleke kakhulu.
6. Ingqalelo ikwafanele i -TGRN ETF esuka kuTyalo-mali lwe-Tinkoff . Umyinge wesivuno sonyaka ukwinqanaba lama-22% ngonyaka. Le ngxowa-mali ityala imali kwiinkokeli zeteknoloji ezicocekileyo kwihlabathi jikelele.
7. I-ETF FXRL yingxowa -mali yesalathiso elandela i-dynamics ye-Russian RTS index. Njengoko i-RTS isalathiso sedola, i-etf ibonelela ngokhuseleko ekuguquguqukeni kwemali. Ngokukhula kwedola, i-RTS index ikhula yomelele kune-MICEX. Izahlulo ezifunyenweyo ziphinda zityalwe kwizabelo zengxowa-mali. INgxowa-mali ihlawula irhafu kwizabelo ze-10%.
8. Ukukhusela kwi-inflation, kufuneka udibanise i-etf yegolide, umzekelo, i-FXGD . Ikhomishini yengxowa-mali yi-0.45% kuphela. INgxowa-mali ilandelela ixabiso legolide ebonakalayo kwimarike yehlabathi ngokuchanekileyo kangangoko, kwaye ikuvumela ukuba uzikhusele ekunyukeni kwamaxabiso ngaphandle kweVAT.
9. Kwakhona, jonga ii-ETF ezilandela iQhinga leMozulu Yonke/Engapheliyo iPotfoliyo – etf opnw evela kwi-Otkritie Broker okanye iTUSD ETF esuka kwi-Tinkoff Investments . Ingxowa-mali inokwahlukana ngaphakathi, umtyali-mali akafuni ukuba enze iinzame ezongezelelweyo. Abaphathi batyala imali ngokulinganayo kwizitokhwe, iibhondi, igolide. I-Etf opnw ikwatyala imali kwiimali zezindlu zase-US.

Ukungalungi kwee-ETF ezinjalo zikhomishini eziphezulu – ingxowa-mali ayithengi i-asethi ngokuthe ngqo, kodwa ngokuthengwa kwee-ETF zangaphandle, apho ubunini bufuneka kwakhona ukuhlawula iikhomishini. Kuvela i-matryoshka “ingxowa-mali kwi-fund”, kwaye iindleko, njengesiqhelo, zilala nomthengi. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba akukho mfuneko yokuba ne-akhawunti ye-brokerage yokutyala imali kwi-Eternal Portfolio evela e-Tinkoff. Ngenxa yeendleko eziphantsi zezabelo – ii-ruble ezi-6 kuphela, i-Tinkoff inikezela ukutyalomali ngenkonzo ye “piggy bank” kwikhadi le-debit ye-Tinkoff. Iindleko zenkonzo yi-ruble eyi-1, akukho khomishini yokutshintshiselana. Kuyenzeka ukuba wonge ngokusondeza iindleko, ukutshintshela imbuyekezo yemali kwikhadi okanye inzala kwimali eseleyo.

Kubanikazi beeakhawunti ze-brokerage, olu hlobo lwe-ETF, nangona lulula kakhulu, lubiza kakhulu. Kungcono ukuthatha ixesha elincinci kwaye wakhe i-ETF portfolio ngokwakho. Kwisithuba seminyaka engama-20, nokuba iikomishoni ezingabalulekanga ze-0.01-0.05% zijika zibe yimali ebonakalayo.

Xa ukhetha ezona ETFs zithembisayo, kufuneka uzame ukucinga ngakumbi kwihlabathi jikelele. Iziphumo zotyalo-mali zeminyaka emibini edlulileyo aziqinisekisi impumelelo efanayo kwixesha elizayo. Utyalo-mali kwizitokhwe olubonise ukukhula ngokukhawuleza lusenokubonakala lungenangeniso kule minyaka imbalwa izayo. Icandelo linokuthi ligqithise kwaye lithathe ikhefu. Utyalo-mali kwisalathiso esibanzi kunenzuzo ngakumbi kuba ukubunjwa kwesalathisi kuhlala kutshintsha. Iinkampani ezibuthathaka zitshintshwa zomeleleyo. Iinkampani ezininzi ezibandakanyiweyo kwisalathisi se-SP500 zazingekho kwimarike kwiminyaka eyi-10 edlulileyo, kodwa i-dynamics yesalathisi ayizange ihlupheke kule nto. Kuya kufuneka uzame ukucinga ngakumbi kwihlabathi jikelele, ungajongi uguquko lwangoku lwengxowa-mali, zama ukukhetha izisombululo ezingeyongozi kakhulu kunye nezahlukeneyo. Emva kokuba uchonge ezona ETFs zithembisayo kwiklasi nganye ye-asethi, apho umtyali-mali afuna ukutyala imali kufuneka yabelwe isabelo sakhe ngasinye. Kucetyiswa ukuba kulandelwe le milinganiselo ilandelayo:

• I-40% yepotfoliyo yabelwe ukuthenga izabelo . Ukwahlukahlukana, izitokhwe zahlulwe ngokwelizwe kunye neshishini. Uhlobo ngalunye lwe-ETF lunikwa isabelo esilinganayo kweli qela;
• 30% – iibhondi . Oku kuya kunciphisa imbuyekezo yonke yepotfoliyo, kodwa kwangaxeshanye ukunciphisa ukuguquguquka kwe-akhawunti ye-brokerage. Yintoni eya kuchaphazela kakuhle inkqubo ye-nervous ye-investimenti ngamaxesha anzima;
• I-10% yepotfoliyo – utyalo-mali kwigolide . Inxalenye ekhuselayo yepotfoliyo. Mhlawumbi kamva le nxalenye yepotfoliyo inokutshintshwa ngotyalo-mali kwi-cryptocurrencies;
• I-20% – iindawo ezithembisayo – i-stocks high-tech, utyalo-mali kwiinkampani “eziluhlaza” ezithembisa ukukhula ngokukhawuleza.

Isikhokelo se-ETF – imibuzo eyi-15 ephambili: zithini iimali ze-ETF, zisebenza njani, indlela yokwenza imali kuzo: https://youtu.be/I-2aJ3PUzCE Utyalo-mali kwii-ETF luthetha ukuba rhoqo kunye nexesha elide. Kukulungele ukuzalisa iphothifoliyo rhoqo ngenyanga – i-postulate eyaziwayo “zihlawule kuqala.” Xa uzalisa kwakhona, kufuneka unamathele kwisicwangciso esikhethiweyo, uqaphele umlinganiselo we-asethi. Ezinye ii-asethi ziya kuwa kwixabiso, ngelixa isabelo sazo kwipotfoliyo siya kuncipha. Ezinye ii-asethi ziya kukhula ngexabiso, isabelo sabo siya kukhula. Akufanele uzame ngononophelo kakhulu ukugcina imilinganiselo – ukunxaxha kwe-5-10% kuphakathi koluhlu oluqhelekileyo. Zimbini iindlela zokugcina umlinganiselo – ukuthengisa impahla ethe yanyuka amaxabiso kunye nokuthenga ezo zisemva. Okanye ukuthenga nje abo bashiyekileyo ngenxa yokuzaliswa kwakhona. Musa ukuthengisa de kuhlangatyezwane neenjongo zotyalo-mali. Yeyiphi kwezi ndlela zimbini ekhethiweyo ayibalulekanga kangako. Kubalulekile ukukhetha indlela yotyalo-mali ukuyilandela. Ngokuphinda kuthengwe ngokuphindaphindiweyo emva kunye nokuthengisa iimpahla ezibonise ukukhula, umtyalo-mali uhlala ethenga ezantsi kwaye ethengisa phezulu. Ngelo xesha, akayi kumisela amaxabiso amnandi kakhulu, kodwa ngokuqhelekileyo ipotifoliyo iya kubonisa amandla aphilileyo ngexesha elide, kwaye le nto ibaluleke kakhulu.