Ziziphi iimali ezihlangeneyo, imigaqo yokusebenza kunye notyalo-mali

I-Mutual fund (i-mutual investment fund) – yintoni ngamazwi alula, i-open-ended Mutual Funds kunye ne-Close-ended Mutual Funds mutual funds. Iimali zotyalo-mali ezidityanisiweyo zinomdla ngakumbi kubatyali-mali abancinci nabaphakathi. Le ndlela yenza kube nokwenzeka ukutyalomali kwii-asethi ezahlukeneyo kwaye ufumane ingeniso ye-passive.

IiNgxowa-mali ezihlangeneyo: ingcamango kunye nemigaqo yokusebenza kweeNgxowa-mali ezihlangeneyo

Iingxowa-mali zotyalo-mali ezihlangeneyo okanye ezidityanelweyo zadalwa ngenjongo yokutsala imali kuqoqosho lwabatyali-mali abanengeniso eqhelekileyo. Iingeniso ezinjalo kunye nomgaqo wokudibanisa kwabo kutyalo-mali kwiiprojekthi ezinkulu zavumela uphuhliso lwemveliso yongxowankulu kumazwe aseYurophu ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane ye-19.

I-US mutual funds ibuyele kwi-1924. Izakhiwo ezifanayo zavela eRashiya ekupheleni kwekhulu lama-20.

Ingcinga kunye nemigaqo yonxibelelwano phakathi komtyali-mali kunye nenkampani yotyalo-mali iyafana kuzo zonke iintlobo zeemali. Ukuswela ulwazi oluyimfuneko kunye nezakhono kwimarike yotyalo-mali, abatyali-mali abancinci banikezela ngemithombo yabo yemali kwiingxowa-mali zotyalo-mali. Baphathiswe uphuhliso lwesicwangciso, ukuziphatha kwamanyathelo ombutho, kunye nokulungelelaniswa kwangethuba kwezenzo ngokuxhomekeke kwiimeko zemarike.

IiNgxowa-mali eziBambisanayo, ii-ETF, iiNgxowa-mali eziBambisanayo: IiNgxowa-mali ezifanayo kunye neeyantlukwano

Njengoqikelelo lokuqala, zonke ezi mali zotyalo-mali zimele into enye. Enyanisweni, zakhiwe kwimigaqo efanayo, kodwa kukho ukungafani okuphawulekayo. Kufuphi nohlobo oluqwalaselwayo yi-ETF – index mutual fund. Esi sakhiwo sakha imisebenzi yaso ekulandeleleni izalathi zesitokhwe. Ngaphandle kwezicwangciso zokunyusa imali eyinkunzi, ii-ETFs zifumana ukuthandwa phesheya kolwandle. Oku kungenxa yokungafihlisi okukhulu, imirhumo ephantsi kunye nendlela yokulandelela isalathiso esisebenza kakuhle.
I-mutual fund yi-mutual fund eRashiya. Ulwakhiwo lusebenza ikakhulu kwimarike yokhuseleko lwaseRashiya. Zimbalwa izakhiwo ezikhulu, ezifana neVTB Capital Investments okanye iSberbank Investor, zisebenza kwizibambiso zangaphandle.

Kubalulekile! Ngenxa yokutshintsha kwemeko yezopolitiko kunye nezoqoqosho, utyalo-mali kwiimali ezihlangeneyo zaseRashiya zisengozini enkulu ngenxa yezinga eliphezulu lokungaqiniseki. Ukusebenzisana kweenkampani zotyalo-mali kunye neBhanki Ephakathi yaseRashiya, i-stock exchanges eziphambili, ikuvumela ukuba uqhube ishishini njengesiqhelo, kodwa kunye nezithintelo ezithile.

Ngokungafaniyo neemali zotyalo-mali zangaphandle, ii-Russian zenziwa kuphela njengemali edibeneyo. Intlawulo yezahlulo kule fomu yombutho nesemthethweni ayibonelelwanga. Kwilizwe langaphandle, kuvumelekile ukwenza iimali zotyalo-mali ngendlela yeenkampani ezidibeneyo. Izabelo zeengxowa-mali ezihlangeneyo, kuxhomekeke kuhlobo lwayo (evulekileyo okanye evaliweyo), ihanjiswa ngengxowa-mali okanye nge-stock exchange.
Ingqalelo! Iiyunithi zeengxowa-mali ezihlangeneyo okanye izabelo zinokuthengwa ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo: ngokobuqu, kwi-intanethi kwindawo yengxowa-mali, ngenkampani ye-inshurensi, okanye nangomrhwebi. Utyalo-mali ngengxowa-mali ehlangeneyo luvunyelwe kuphela ngesivumelwano nenkampani yolawulo. Umahluko obalulekileyo ukwakho kwiimali ezisetyenziswayo. Ukuthatha inxaxheba kwiimali ezihlangeneyo kunokwenzeka kuphela kwii-ruble.

Izinto eziluncedo kunye nokungalunganga kutyalo-mali oludibeneyo

Njengayo nayiphi na inkqubo yokutyala imali kwizixhobo zemali, utyalo-mali oludibeneyo alunanzuzo kuphela, kodwa lufuna ukuqwalasela “imigibe” ethile. Iimali ezifanayo, ngokwengqiqo eqhelekileyo, zineengenelo:

1. Olu hlobo lomsebenzi weenkampani zotyalo-mali lulawulwa ngokungqongqo ngumthetho walo naliphi na ilizwe . Ziimali ezijongene nenkqubo yotyalo-mali. Ukuphuhlisa isicwangciso sotyalo-mali kunye namaqhinga ngumsebenzi wengxowa-mali. Kule meko, umtyalo-mali udlala indima engabonakaliyo. Ngokutyala imali yakhe, ufumana umvuzo kuphela. Ukhuseleko lwabatyali-mali lubonelelwa ngobudlelwane bekhontrakthi kunye nenkampani yotyalo-mali.
2. Umtyali-mali akadingeki ukuba atyale imali ebalulekileyo . Ixabiso lee-asethi ezibizayo linokuba likhulu ngokuphindwe kaninzi kunesakhono sabatyali-mali abancinci nabaphakathi. Isiphumo esihle kubo siphunyezwa ngokufunyanwa ngokudibeneyo kwezo asethi ngokujoyina ingxowa-mali yotyalo-mali.

Ngelo xesha, abatyali-mali kufuneka balungiselele into yokuba ixabiso le-asethi alinakuthethelela ukulindela ukukhula kwixesha elizayo. Njengayo nayiphi na enye intengiselwano yezemali, utyalo-mali ngeemali ezihlangeneyo luxhomekeke kumngcipheko welahleko yengeniso. Zithini iingxowa-mali ezifanayo-ngamagama alula: https://youtu.be/k4TYFq1_zv4

Yintoni iingxowa-mali ezihlangeneyo

Iimali ezihlangeneyo zahlulwe zaba ziindidi ezahlukeneyo ngokusekelwe kwiikhrayitheriya ezifana

ukuvuleka

Kukho ezi ndidi zilandelayo:

• iimali ezivulekileyo zihlala zikhupha izabelo ezitsha, ezisasazwa phakathi kwabatyali-mali abatsha. Ngokuxhomekeke ekuqokeleleni iikomishoni, ii-subclasses ezimbini ziyahlukaniswa: ingxowa-mali engenamthwalo (ikhomishini ayihlawuliswa), ingxowa-mali enomthwalo (ikhomishini ihlawuliswa). Kwimeko nayiphi na into, iimali zotyalo-mali ezivulekileyo zinokuthenga izabelo kubatyali-mali. Ulwabiwo lwezabelo luhamba kuphela kwingxowa-mali.
• iimali ezivaliweyo zikhupha inani eliqingqiweyo leeyunithi, musa ukuthenga iiyunithi ezasasazwa ngaphambili. Urhwebo lwenziwa ngokutshintshiselana ngezabelo.

Phawula! Ukuthengwa kweeyunithi ezivaliweyo kunokwenzeka kuphela ngabarhwebi okanye kwi-stock exchange. Kuyimfuneko ukuba ulumke malunga nokutyalomali kwezi ngxowa-mali ukuba ipotifoliyo yee-asethi ayiqulunqwanga ngokupheleleyo.

Ukukhetha i-asethi

Iimali ezihlangeneyo zakha umsebenzi ekufumaneni iintlobo ngeentlobo zee-asethi. Isenokuba:

1. Unyuso . Isetyenziselwa ukwenza inzuzo kwizabelo zeenkampani ezinkulu kwixesha elide.
2. Iibhondi . Okokuqala, kukho umdla wotyalo-mali kwiibhondi zikarhulumente zexesha elide kunye neebhondi zamashishini amakhulu. Nangona kunjalo, umtyali-mali kufuneka aqonde ukuba umvuzo uya kurhafiswa. Utyalo-mali kwiibhondi zexesha elide zoomasipala luyakhululwa kumthwalo werhafu.
3. Izabelo kunye neebhondi . Imali esebenza kumacala omabini ibizwa ngokuba yi-balanced.
4. Ukhuseleko lwamatyala exeshana elifutshane ngurhulumente kunye nequmrhu (elirhafiswayo) okanye likamasipala (akutsalwa rhafu). Ezi ngxowa-mali zibizwa ngokuba yimalike yemali ehlangeneyo.
5. Izindlu ngeenjongo zorhwebo, zokuhlala okanye zokuhlala .

Isikhundla esikhethekileyo sihlala kwinto ebizwa ngokuba yimali yemali. Batyala imali kwizabelo zezinye iingxowa-mali ezifanayo.

Inika umdla ukwazi! Kumazwe aphuhlileyo kwezoqoqosho, iingxowa-mali zotyalo-mali ezihlangeneyo zibandakanyeka ekugcineni iinkqubo zomhlalaphantsi zikawonke-wonke. Abaxhasi abaphambili ngabadla umhlala-phantsi, ii-asethi ezisetyenziswayo ziibhloko zezabelo ezithembekileyo zeenkampani ezinkulu ezinengeniso ezinzileyo. Iimali zityalwe ixesha elifutshane, ixesha elide liyiminyaka emi-5. Iingxowa-mali ezihlangeneyo ezineempawu ezifanayo zibizwa ngokuba ziingxowa-mali zomhlalaphantsi. Kufunyenwe ukuhanjiswa okubanzi e-USA, eCanada, eJapan.

Inzuzo kunye nobungozi botyalo-mali oluhlangeneyo

Ukufunyanwa kwayo nayiphi na iphakheji yezibambiso okanye inani elithile lezabelo kwingxowa-mali yotyalo-mali oluhlangeneyo kujoliswe ekuveliseni ingeniso. Umtyalo-mali unomdla kwindlela ethembekileyo ngayo ingeniso enjalo. Kuxhomekeke kwimpumelelo yengxowa-mali yotyalo-mali edibeneyo ngokwayo, isicwangciso sayo. Ukufunda amava angaphambili esakhiwo esinjalo kuya kunciphisa imingcipheko yokuphulukana nalo mvuzo. Umtyali-mali ohlangeneyo uthatha inxaxheba ekuveliseni ingeniso, kodwa kufuneka abe nokuqonda okucacileyo kweengozi zelahleko. Le mingcipheko ibandakanya:

1. Umngcipheko wokuhla kwexabiso le-asethi. Kwimarike yezemali okanye kwimarike yezindlu, iimeko azinqunywanga xa ixabiso le-asethi linokuthi “liwele”. Ngenxa yoko, umtyali-mali ulahlekelwa kwi-capital etyalwe kwizabelo zeengxowa-mali ezihlangeneyo.
2. Umngcipheko wenzala, okt. ukuhla kwenzala, okuya kukhokelela ekwehleni kwesivuno sesabelo.
3. Umngcipheko we-Liquidity, okt. umgangatho wokhuseleko. Oku kunokukhokelela ekulahlekelweni kwexabiso labo.
4. Umngcipheko wokutshona ngokwasezimalini. Ngenxa yokuqalisa kwengxaki, uninzi lwabagcini-mali banokufuna imbuyekezo kutyalo-mali. Oku kuya kufuna izibonelelo zemali ezinkulu, leyo ingxowa-mali ingenayo nje.

Kubalulekile! Xa uvavanya isakhiwo sotyalo-mali ngokubhekiselele kwinzuzo kunye nomngcipheko, umntu akufanele akhohlwe malunga neekhomishini kunye neentlawulo kwingxowa-mali yotyalo-mali. Iinkampani ezahlukeneyo zinemirhumo eyahlukileyo. Kufuneka uqonde ukuba iimali ezinezivuno eziphezulu zineendleko ezibalulekileyo kunye neentlawulo eziphezulu.

Indlela yokutyala imali

Xa uthatha isigqibo sokutyala imali ngeemali ezihlangeneyo, kufuneka uhlalutye zonke iinketho ezinokwenzeka. Xa kuthengwa iiyunithi (izabelo) zengxowa-mali yangaphandle, kubalulekile ukuqonda ukuba kuya kufuneka uvule i-akhawunti kwibhanki yangaphandle. Kukwanyanzelekile ukwazisa i-ofisi yerhafu. Ukuba ukusebenzisana nezakhiwo zangaphandle kubangela ubunzima, ke kungcono ukhethe enye indlela yasekhaya.
Ukukhetha nayiphi na inketho, kufuneka ulandele imbali kunye nempumelelo ye-mutual fund. Kuya kufuneka uzilumkele iinkampani ezibonelela ngembuyekezo ephezulu okanye ube ngabathathi-nxaxheba kwimarike ngaphantsi kweminyaka emi-3. Akunzima ukukhubeka kwinkampani yobuqhophololo enokhetho olukumgangatho ophantsi.

Ngokomzekelo, qwalasela imeko kunye ne-Mercury mutual fund. Ulwakhiwo luqatshelwe njengephiramidi yezemali ukusukela ngo-2015. Ngo-2017, yatshintsha igama layo laba yiMercury Global. Isathandwa kumazwe athile asemva kweSoviet.

Omnye weyona mizekelo idumileyo yendlela yotyalo-mali ngokusebenzisa iingxowa-mali ezifanayo kunye nokwakhiwa kwepotfoliyo yotyalo-mali ngamava otyalo-mali waseMelika uJohn Bogle. Iingcamango eziphambili: iphothifoliyo kufuneka ilinganiswe, iquka izibambiso zaseMelika, iphothifoliyo “ilula” kunye nokwahlukana ngamabhondi. Iinkcukacha zinokufumaneka kumsebenzi wombhali womtyalo-mali uJohn Bogle “Iingxowa-mali ezihlangeneyo”, ezinokukhutshelwa simahla kwi-net. Unokufumana ulwazi olupheleleyo ngoncedo lweenkonzo ze-Intanethi okanye umcebisi oqeqeshiweyo. Emva kokugqiba ukhetho, kuhlala kuphela ukufumana indawo yengxowa-mali.

Iimali eziziwayo nezithembekileyo

UTyalo-mali lwexesha elide eVanguard-Grade Adm (VWETX)

Iqela, elisungulwe nguJohn Bogle, libandakanya i-120 yeemali ezihlangeneyo, ngaphezu kweemali ze-index ye-200. Eyona nto inomtsalane kukuba iimali zeqela azihlawulisi ikhomishini. Umtsalane weqela licacile, libandakanya abatyali-mali abangaphezu kwezigidi ezingama-20 abavela kumazwe angama-170. Isikhundla sesithathu phakathi kweemali ezihlangeneyo zase-US. Ijolise kukhuseleko lwamatyala exesha eliphakathi

IBlackRock Global Allocation Instl (MALOX)

Inezahlulo ezininzi zesakhiwo. Oku kwenza kube nokwenzeka ukutyalomali kuzo zonke iintlobo ze-asethi. Ukugxila kuphela kwii-stocks eziphezulu, kukho ingxowa-mali eyahlukileyo.
Utyalo-mali oludibeneyo ngokuqukunjelwa kobudlelwane bekhontrakthi lulungele abo bangenalo ulwazi olukhethekileyo kunye nezakhono kule ndawo. Iingxowa-mali ezihlangeneyo, ngokwemiqathango elula, yimibutho enika ithuba lokufumana ingeniso ngokutyala imali encinci kunye nexesha elincinci lokutyala imali ngabatyalo-mali abangengabo abachwephesha.