Ziyini izimali ezihlanganyelwe, izimiso zokusebenza kanye nokutshalwa kwezimali

I-Mutual fund (i-mutual investment fund) – iyini ngamagama alula, i-Open-ended Mutual Funds kanye ne-Close-ended Mutual Funds mutual funds. Izimali zokutshala izimali ezihlanganyelwe zinenzalo ethile kubatshalizimali abancane nabamaphakathi. Le ndlela yenza kube nokwenzeka ukutshala ezimpahleni ezihlukahlukene futhi uthole imali engenayo.

Izimali ezihlanganyelwe: umqondo nemigomo yokusebenza kwe-Mutual Funds

Izimali zokutshala izimali ezihlanganyelwe noma ezihlanganyelwe ekuqaleni zadalwa ngenhloso yokuheha imijovo yemali emnothweni kubatshalizimali abaneholo elimaphakathi. Izimali ezinjalo kanye nomgomo wokuhlanganisa ukutshalwa kwezimali kumaphrojekthi amakhulu kwavumela ukuthuthukiswa kokukhiqizwa konxiwankulu emazweni aseYurophu ngasekuqaleni kwekhulu le-19.

I-US mutual funds yaqala ngo-1924. Izakhiwo ezifanayo zavela eRussia ekupheleni kwekhulu lama-20.

Umqondo nezimiso zokusebenzelana phakathi komtshali-zimali kanye nenkampani yokutshala izimali ziyafana kuzo zonke izinhlobo zezimali. Ngenxa yokuntula ulwazi namakhono adingekayo emakethe yokutshala izimali, abatshalizimali abancane banikela ngezimali zabo ezikhwameni zokutshalwa kwezimali ezichwepheshile. Baphathiswe ukuthuthukiswa kwesu, ukuqhutshwa kwezinyathelo zenhlangano, kanye nokulungiswa okufika ngesikhathi kwezenzo kuye ngezimo zemakethe.

Izimali ezihlanganyelwe, ama-ETF, Izimali ezihlanganyelwe: Ezivamile kanye Nomehluko

Njengesilinganiso sokuqala, zonke lezi zimali zokutshala zimele into efanayo. Ngempela, zakhelwe phezu kwezimiso ezifanayo, kodwa kukhona umehluko omkhulu. Eduze kohlobo olucatshangelwayo yi-ETF – index mutual fund. Lesi sakhiwo sakhela imisebenzi yaso ekulandeleleni izinkomba zesitoko. Naphezu kwamasu amaningi okukhulisa imali, ama-ETF athola ukuduma phesheya kwezilwandle. Lokhu kungenxa yokungafihli okukhulu, izindleko eziphansi kanye nendlela yokulandelela inkomba esebenza kahle.
I-mutual fund yisikhwama sokubambisana eRussia. Isakhiwo sisebenza ikakhulukazi emakethe yezibambiso zaseRussia. Izakhiwo ezimbalwa ezinkulu kuphela, njenge-VTB Capital Investments noma i-Sberbank Investor, ezisebenza ezibambiso zangaphandle. [i-id yamagama-ncazo = “okunamathiselwe_12094″ align=”aligncenter” wide=”565″]
Iyini isikhwama sokubambisana ngamagama alula[/caption]

Okubalulekile! Ngenxa yesimo sezombangazwe nezomnotho esishintshile, ukutshalwa kwezimali kwezimali ezihlangene zaseRussia kusengozini enkulu ngenxa yezinga eliphezulu lokungaqiniseki. Ukusebenzisana kwezinkampani zokutshala izimali neBhange Elikhulu LaseRussia, ukuhwebelana kwamasheya okuyinhloko, kukuvumela ukuthi uqhube ibhizinisi njengenjwayelo, kodwa ngemikhawulo ethile.

Ngokungafani nezimali zokutshala izimali zakwamanye amazwe, ezaseRussia zenziwa kuphela njengezimali ezihlanganyelwe. Ukukhokhwa kwezabelo kuleli fomu lenhlangano nelomthetho akunikeziwe. Kwamanye amazwe, kuvunyelwe ukudala izimali zokutshala izimali ngendlela yezinkampani ezihlangene. Amasheya e-mutual funds, kuye ngohlobo lwawo (ovuliwe noma avaliwe), asatshalaliswa ngesikhwama noma nge-stock exchange.
Qaphela! Amayunithi ezikhwama ezihlanganyelwe noma amasheya angathengwa ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene: mathupha, ku-inthanethi endaweni yesikhwama, ngenkampani yomshwalense, noma ngisho nangomthengisi. Ukutshalwa kwezimali nge-mutual fund kuvunyelwe kuphela ngesivumelwano nenkampani yokuphatha. Umehluko obalulekile usezimalini ezisetshenziswayo. Ukubamba iqhaza kuma-mutual funds kungenzeka kuphela ngama-ruble.

Izinzuzo kanye nokubi kokutshalwa kwezimali ngokubambisana

Njenganoma iyiphi inqubo yokutshala imali kumathuluzi ezezimali, ukutshalwa kwezimali okuhlangene akuzona nje izinzuzo, kodwa futhi kudinga ukucabangela “izingibe” ezithile. Izimali ezihlanganyelwe, ngokomqondo ophusile, zinezinzuzo:

1. Lolu hlobo lomsebenzi lwezinkampani ezitshala izimali lulawulwa ngokuqinile ngumthetho wanoma yiliphi izwe . Izimali ezibhekene nenqubo yokutshala izimali. Ukwakha isu lokutshala izimali kanye namaqhinga kuwumsebenzi wesikhwama. Kulokhu, umtshali-zimali udlala indima engenzi lutho. Ngokutshala izimali zakhe, uthola imali engenayo kuphela. Ukuvikelwa kwabatshalizimali kunikezwa ubudlelwano benkontileka nenkampani yokutshala imali.
2. Umtshalizimali akadingi ukutshala amanani abalulekile . Inani lezimpahla ezibizayo lingaba likhulu ngokuphindwe kaningi kunamandla angabatshalizimali abancane nabamaphakathi. Umphumela omuhle kuzo ufinyelelwa ngokutholwa ngokuhlanganyela kwezimpahla ezinjalo ngokujoyina isikhwama sokutshala imali.

Ngesikhathi esifanayo, abatshalizimali kufanele balungele iqiniso lokuthi inani lempahla lingase lingakusekeli ukukhula okulindelekile esikhathini esizayo. Njenganoma yikuphi okunye ukuthengiselana kwezezimali, ukutshala izimali ngokusebenzisa ama-mutual funds kungaphansi kwengozi yokulahlekelwa yimali engenayo. Ayini ama-mutual funds – ngamagama alula: https://youtu.be/k4TYFq1_zv4

Yiziphi mutual funds

Izimali ezihlanganyelwe zihlukaniswe zaba izinhlobo ezahlukene ngokusekelwe ezimweni ezifana nalezi

ukuvuleka

Kunezinhlobo ezilandelayo:

• Izimali ezivulekile zivame ukukhipha amasheya amasha, asakazwa kubatshalizimali abasha. Kuye ngokuqoqwa kwamakhomishana, ama-subclasses amabili ahlukaniswa: isikhwama esingenawo umthwalo (ikhomishini ayikhokhiswa), isikhwama esinomthwalo (ikhomishini ikhokhiswa). Kunoma yikuphi, izimali zokutshala izimali ezivulekile zingathenga amasheya kubatshalizimali. Ukusatshalaliswa kwamasheya kuhamba ngesikhwama kuphela.
• izikhwama ezivaliwe zikhipha inani elilinganiselwe lamayunithi, ungathengi amayunithi asabalaliswe ngaphambilini. Ukuhweba kwenziwa ngokuhwebelana ngamasheya.

Qaphela! Ukuthengwa kwamayunithi avaliwe kungenzeka kuphela ngama-broker noma ku-stock exchange. Kudingeka ukuqaphela mayelana nokutshala izimali kulezi zimali uma iphothifoliyo yempahla ingakakhiwanga ngokugcwele.

Ukukhethwa kwefa

Izimali ezihlanganyelwe zakha umsebenzi ekutholweni kwezinhlobo ezahlukene zezimpahla. Kungaba:

1. Amaphromoshini . Isetshenziselwa ukuzuza ngamasheya ezinkampani ezinkulu esikhathini eside.
2. Amabhondi . Okokuqala, kunentshisekelo yokutshala imali kumabhondi kahulumeni wesikhathi eside namabhondi ezinkampani ezinkulu. Kodwa-ke, umtshali-zimali kufanele azi ukuthi imali engenayo izokhokhiswa intela. Ukutshalwa kwezimali kumabhondi esikhathi eside komasipala kuyakhululwa emthwalweni wentela.
3. Amasheya namabhondi . Izimali ezisebenza nhlangothi zombili zibizwa nge-balanced.
4. Izibambiso zezikweletu zesikhathi esifushane zikahulumeni kanye nezinkampani (ezikhokhiswa intela) noma zikamasipala (zamahhala). Lezi zimali zibizwa nge-money market mutual funds.
5. Izindlu ezithengiswayo ngokwezinjongo zezohwebo, zomphakathi noma zokuhlala .

Isikhundla esikhethekile sithathwe yilokho okubizwa ngokuthi izimali zezikhwama. Batshala emasheya kwezinye izikhwama ze-mutual funds.

Kuyathakazelisa ukwazi! Emazweni athuthukile ngokwezomnotho, izikhwama zokutshala izimali ezihlanganyelwe zihilelekile ekugcineni izinhlelo zempesheni zikahulumeni. Abanikeli abakhulu ngabahola impesheni, izimpahla ezisetshenziswayo zingamabhuloki amasheya athembekile ezinkampani ezinkulu ezineholo eliqinile. Izimali zitshalwa isikhathi esifushane, isikhathi esiphezulu siyiminyaka emi-5. Izimali ezihlangene ezinezici ezifanayo zibizwa ngezikhwama zempesheni. Kutholwe ukusatshalaliswa okubanzi e-USA, Canada, Japan.

Inzuzo kanye nobungozi bokutshalwa kwezimali ngokuhlanganyela

Ukutholwa kwanoma iyiphi iphakheji yezibambiso noma inombolo ethile yamasheya kusikhwama sokutshala izimali esihlanganyelwe kuhloswe ngayo ukukhiqiza imali engenayo. Umtshali-zimali unentshisekelo yokuthi imali engenayo enjalo inokwethenjelwa kangakanani. Kuncike empumelelweni yeqoqo lokutshala izimali ngokwalo, isu layo. Ukufunda ulwazi lwangaphambilini lwesakhiwo esinjalo kuzonciphisa ubungozi bokulahlekelwa yile mali engenayo. Umtshali wezimali ezihlangene uthatha ingxenye engenzi lutho ekukhiqizeni imali, kodwa kufanele abe nokuqonda okucacile ngezingozi zokulahlekelwa. Lezi zingozi zihlanganisa:

1. Ingozi yokwehla kwevelu yezimpahla. Emakethe yezezimali noma emakethe yezindlu, izimo azinqunywa lapho intengo yempahla “ingawa”. Ngenxa yalokho, umtshali-zimali ulahlekelwa yimali etshalwe kumasheya esikhwama sokubambisana.
2. Ingozi yesilinganiso senzalo, i.e. ukwehla kwezinga lenzalo, okuzoholela ekwehleni kwesivuno sesheya.
3. Ingozi ye-Liquidity, i.e. izinga lezibambiso. Lokhu kungaholela ekulahlekelweni kwenani lawo.
4. Ingozi yokushoda kwezimali. Ngenxa yokuqala kwenhlekelele, abagcini bezimali abaningi bangase bafune imbuyiselo ekutshalweni kwezimali. Lokhu kuzodinga izinsiza ezinkulu zezezimali, isikhwama esingenazo nje.

Okubalulekile! Lapho uhlola isakhiwo sokutshala izimali ngokwenzuzo nengozi, umuntu akufanele akhohlwe ngamakhomishini kanye nezinkokhelo esikhwameni sokutshala izimali. Izinkampani ezahlukene zinezinkokhelo ezahlukene. Udinga ukuqonda ukuthi izimali ezinesivuno esiphezulu zinezindleko ezinkulu kanye nezindleko eziphakeme.

Indlela yokutshala imali

Lapho unquma ukutshala izimali ngokusebenzisa i-mutual funds, udinga ukuhlaziya zonke izinketho ezingenzeka. Lapho uthenga amayunithi (amasheya) esikhwama sokubambisana sangaphandle, kubalulekile ukuqonda ukuthi uzodinga ukuvula i-akhawunti nebhange langaphandle. Kuyisibopho futhi ukwazisa ihhovisi lentela. Uma ukusebenzisana nezakhiwo zangaphandle kubangela ubunzima, kungcono ukukhetha enye indlela yasekhaya.
Ukukhetha noma yiziphi izinketho, udinga ukulandelela umlando nempumelelo ye-mutual fund. Kufanele uqaphele izinkampani ezinikeza izinzuzo eziphezulu noma ezibe ngabahlanganyeli bemakethe isikhathi esingaphansi kweminyaka emi-3. Akunzima ukuzitholela inkampani yomgunyathi enezinga eliphansi lokukhetha.

Njengesibonelo, cabangela isimo nge-Mercury mutual fund. Isakhiwo siqashelwe njengephiramidi yezezimali kusukela ngo-2015. Ngo-2017, yashintsha igama layo laba iMercury Global. Isadumile emazweni athile angemva kweSoviet.

Esinye sezibonelo ezidume kakhulu zendlela yokutshala imali ngezimali ezihlanganyelwe kanye nokwakhiwa kwephothifoliyo yokutshala imali isipiliyoni somtshali-zimali waseMelika uJohn Bogle. Imibono eyinhloko: iphothifoliyo kufanele ilinganisele, ibe nezibambiso zaseMelika, iphothifoliyo “ilula” ngokuhlukahluka ngamabhondi. Imininingwane ingatholakala emsebenzini wombhali womtshalizimali uJohn Bogle “Izimali Ezihlangene”, ezingalandwa mahhala ku-net. Ungathola ulwazi oluphelele ngosizo lwezinsizakalo ze-inthanethi noma umxhumanisi oqeqeshiwe. Ngemva kokunquma ngokuzikhethela, kusele kuphela ukuthola indawo yesikhwama.

Izimali ezisebenzisanayo ezidumile nezithembekile

I-Vanguard Long-Term Investment-Grade Adm (VWETX)

Iqembu, elasungulwa nguJohn Bogle, lihlanganisa izimali ezihlanganyelwe ezingu-120, izimali zenkomba ezingaphezu kuka-200. Okukhangayo kakhulu ukuthi izimali zeqembu azikhokhi ikhomishini. Ukukhanga kweqembu kusobala, kuhlanganisa abatshalizimali abangaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-20 abavela emazweni angu-170. Isikhundla sesithathu phakathi kwezimali ezihlanganyelwe zase-US. Igxile ezibambiso zezikweletu zesikhathi esimaphakathi

I-BlackRock Global Allocation Instl (MALOX)

Inezigaba eziningana zesakhiwo. Lokhu kwenza kube nokwenzeka ukutshala kuzo zonke izinhlobo zempahla. Ukugxila kuphela ezitokisini ezikhiqiza kakhulu, kunesikhwama esihlukile.
Ukutshalwa kwezimali okuhlanganyelwe ngokusebenzisa isiphetho sobudlelwano benkontileka kulungele labo abangenalo ulwazi olukhethekile namakhono kule ndawo. Izimali ezihlanganyelwe, ngamagama alula, yizinhlangano ezinikeza ithuba lokuthola imali engenayo ngokutshala imali encane kanye nokutshalwa kwezimali kwesikhathi esincane ngabatshalizimali abangewona ochwepheshe.