Izinto ezithinta izinga lokushintshisana

Emnothweni womhlaba, akunakwenzeka ukucabanga izwe elingenalo uhwebo lwamazwe ngamazwe. Ukwenza lokhu, iyunithi yezimali yanoma isiphi isimo kufanele ilingane nezinhlobo zemali zezinye izifundazwe. Indlela yokulinganisa inani lohlobo lwemali kazwelonke uma kuqhathaniswa nezinye izinhlobo zemali izinga lokushintshanisa ngemali, elithonywa izici eziningi.

Isilinganiso sokushintsha imali – siyini?

Izinga lokushintshisana (noma izinga lokushintshanisa) wuhlobo lwemali lwesifunda esisodwa, olulinganiswa ngemali kazwelonke yesinye izwe. I-ruble yaseRussia, idola laseMelika, i-yen yaseJapane zonke ziyizibonelo zemali yezwe. Lapho sizwa ukuthi izinga lokushintshaniswa kwedola lifinyelela kuma-ruble angu-N, leli inani le-ruble yaseRussia, evezwe ngemali kazwelonke yase-US. Ukubonisa izinga lokushintshisana kunencazelo engokoqobo yedethi ethile kuphela. Ngosuku olulandelayo, isonto noma inyanga kamuva, izinga lokushintshaniswa kwemali lingashintsha kakhulu, futhi lolu lwazi seluvele lulahlekelwa ukuhambisana kwalo.

Izinto ezithinta amazinga okushintshanisa imali

Izinga lokushintshisana linganqunywa ngezindlela ezimbili: imakethe noma okungezona izimakethe. Esimweni sokuqala, izinga lakhiwa ngesisekelo semakethe futhi lincike ekuhlinzekeni nasekudingeni uhlobo lwemali. Esimweni sesibili, izinga libekwe nguhulumeni ngokomthetho.

Imakethe

Izinga lokushintshisana ezimeni zemakethe linqunywa isilinganiso sokuhlinzekwa kanye nesidingo semali yezwe. Izinga lokushintshanisa lanoma yiliphi izwe emhlabeni livamise ukusethelwa ezimalini ezinkulu zomhlaba ezi-5, okuyizinzile kakhulu esikhathini eside. Yona:

• Idola laseMelika;
• I-Euro;
• I-pound sterling yesiNgisi;
• i-yen yaseJapane;
• I-Swiss frank.

Indawo lapho abathengisi nabathengi bohlobo lwemali bahlanganyela khona ibizwa ngokuthi i-currency exchange. Ukushintshana kuyindawo lapho, ngokwemithetho yokuhlinzeka nokufunwa, kwakhiwa inani elifanele kakhulu, esimweni sethu, intengo yemali kazwelonke.

Ukushintshaniswa kwemali enkulu kunazo zonke eRussia Federation yiMoscow Interbank Currency Exchange (MICEX).

Sakheka kanjani isidingo semali kazwelonke ekuhwebeni kohlobo lwemali? Ake sithi isimo esihle sokutshala imali sesidaliwe ezweni futhi abatshalizimali bakwamanye amazwe sebekulungele ukutshala imali yabo ukuze bavule izimboni ezintsha noma bathuthukise ezikhona. Ukukhiqiza, kuyadingeka ukuthenga imishini, imishini, ukuthola izindawo, ukukhokhela abasebenzi amaholo futhi ukhokhe izintela – konke ngemali kazwelonke.

Ukuze kuqaliswe lolu hlelo, abatshalizimali beza esihwebeni benesifiso sokuthenga imali kazwelonke yaleli zwe. Isidingo semali kazwelonke siyakhula, futhi ngokufanele, izinga lokushintshisana lale mali nalo liyakhula.

Izibonelo zezinguquko ezilinganisweni zokushintshisana kwemali yezwe X uma iqhathaniswa nedola laseMelika kuye ngokushintsha kwevolumu yokunikezwa kwedola kanye nemali kazwelonke emakethe yokushintshiselana ngemali yangaphandle yezwe kuvezwa etafuleni.

Imibandela	Isibonelo 1	Isibonelo sesi-2	Isibonelo sesi-3	Isibonelo sesi-4	Isibonelo sesi-5	Isibonelo sesi-6
Umthamo wokuhlinzekwa kwe-United States emakethe yokushintshiselana ngemali yangaphandle yezwe (ngamadola)	5,000,000	2 500 000	10,000,000	5,000,000	5,000,000	5,000,000
Umthamo wokunikezwa kwemali kazwelonke emakethe yokushintshiselana ngemali yangaphandle yezwe (X)	100 000000	100,000,000	100,000,000	50,000,000	10,000,000	500,000,000
Izinga lokushintshwa kwemali kazwelonke uma kuqhathaniswa nedola laseMelika (amayunithi ajwayelekile)	amashumi amabili	40	eziyishumi	eziyishumi	2	100

Amabhange

Ukusebenza kokushintshisana ngemali kwamabhange kungenye into ethinta izinga lokushintshisana. Abathengi abakhulu bezinsizakalo zebhange zokuthengwa nokudayiswa kwemali yangaphandle yithi, izakhamuzi ezivamile. Sithenga imali eqinile:

• uhambo lwaphesheya;
• bezama ukuvikela ukonga kwabo ekwenyukeni kwamandla emali;
• ukwenza ukudluliselwa kwemali phesheya.

Izinga lokushintshaniswa kwamabhange okuhweba ezakhamuzi lihluka kokubili esilinganisweni semakethe kanye nenani elisemthethweni, elibekwe amaBhange Amaphakathi amazwe ahlukahlukene.
Imajini (umehluko) phakathi kwamazinga okuthenga nokuthengisa imali iyinzuzo yamabhange ezinkokhelweni zokushintshisana ngemali yangaphandle. E-Russia, umqondo “wezinga elisemthethweni” kanye “nezinga lemakethe” maqondana nedola laseMelika liyafana, ngoba izinga elisemthethweni ledola laseMelika, elibekwe yiBhange Elikhulu LaseRussia, linqunywa ngesisekelo sokuhweba ngemali ye-MICEX usuku lwangaphambili.

Ngenxa yezindleko eziphakeme zokuthengisa imali ngamabhange kanye nezinga eliphansi lokuthengwa kwezakhamizi, cishe akusizi ngalutho ukuyithenga ukuze uthole imali ngezinguquko kumazinga okushintshanisa.

Isilinganiso sesilinganiso sokushintshaniswa esisemthethweni se-ruble kanye nezinga lokuthengwa nokudayiswa kwamabhange okuhweba kuboniswa etafuleni.

Isilinganiso sokushintshaniswa esisemthethweni sedola laseMelika ngokumelene ne-ruble	Izinga lokuthengwa kwedola laseMelika yibhange lezentengiselwano	Isilinganiso sokuthengisa sedola laseMelika yibhange lezentengiselwano
75.4	74	77.7

Ibhalansi yokuhweba

Ibhalansi yohwebo ingumehluko phakathi kwengqikithi yokuvezwa kwezimpahla ezingeniswa ezweni (ezingenisiwe) kanye nengqikithi yokuvezwa kwezimpahla ezithunyelwa phesheya (okuthunyelwa ngaphandle). Ngokufanelekile, ibhalansi yohwebo ingaba yinhle (impahla ethunyelwa kwamanye amazwe ihamba phambili) noma ibe nebi (impahla ethengwayo igcwele). Ibhalansi yezohwebo iyisici esibaluleke kakhulu ekunqumeni izinga lokushintshaniswa kwemali yezwe. Isibonelo sebhalansi yokuhweba engalungile. Ibhalansi engeyinhle ka-$25,000:

Thekelisa, amadola aseMelika	Ngenisa, amadola aseMelika
100,000	125 000

Emazweni anesabelo esibalulekile sokuthunyelwa ngaphandle kwama-hydrocarbons noma ezinye izinto, izinga lokushintshisana lohlobo lwemali kazwelonke lincike ngokuqondile kubhalansi yohwebo (umehluko phakathi kokuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe nokuphuma kwamanye amazwe). Uma imali engenayo ngemali yangaphandle inyuka, izinga lokushintshaniswa kwemali yezwe nalo liyakhuphuka. Isibonelo esimangalisayo sokuncika kwezinga lokushintshaniswa kwemali likazwelonke ekuguquguqukeni kwamanani kawoyela okwenzeka emakethe yamazwe ngamazwe izinga lokushintshaniswa kwe-ruble yaseRussia ngokumelene nedola laseMelika.

Ngebhalansi yezohwebo evumayo

Ibhalansi yokuhweba evumayo (noma esebenzayo) iholela ekwenyukeni kokunikezwa kwemali yangaphandle, ikakhulukazi idola laseMelika, emakethe kazwelonke. Ngenxa yalokho, ngomthamo ongaguquki wokunikezwa kwemali kazwelonke, izinga lokushintshaniswa kwemali yezwe liyakhuphuka. Lokhu kuhle kwabathumela kwamanye amazwe kanye nesabelomali sezwe, kodwa ingabe kuyasiza emnothweni wonkana kanye nezakhamuzi zezwe? Cha. Iqiniso liwukuthi izinga eliphezulu lokushintshaniswa kwe-ruble (uma sihlaziya isimo ngesibonelo saseRussia) libi kakhulu kokubili kweningi labantu bezwe kanye nabangenayo. Izinga eliphezulu lokushintshisana kwe-ruble lihlanganisa ukukhuphuka kwezindleko zazo zonke izimpahla ezingenisiwe. Emazweni anjengeRussia, lapho ingxenye ebalulekile yezimpahla zansuku zonke zingeniswa khona, kubaluleke kakhulu ukulinganisa nokugcina idola lingaphakathi kwemingcele ethile. Isibonelo sebhalansi yokuhweba enhle. Ibhalansi enhle engu-$50,000:

Thekelisa, amadola aseMelika	Ngenisa, amadola aseMelika
100,000	50,000

Yini enquma amanani ezimali ezinkulu zomhlaba?

Amazwe anemali yawo ephakathi kwezinhlobo zemali ezinhlanu ezime kakhulu emhlabeni ehluka kakhulu ngokwenani lezomnotho, indawo kanye nesimo senhlalo-mnotho. Ngakho-ke, izinga lokushintshaniswa kwezimali zezwe lithonywa izici ezihlukahlukene.

Idola lase-U.S

Izinto ezithinta izinga lokushintshaniswa kwedola laseMelika zingahlukaniswa ngamaqembu amathathu amakhulu:

1. Inqubomgomo yezimali yase-US, eyenziwa yi-Federal Reserve System (FRS).
2. Izehlakalo ezihlobene nesimo sangaphakathi senhlalo-mnotho nesepolitiki ezweni. Izinkomba ezinjalo, isibonelo, zihlanganisa idatha yokukhula kwe-GDP, izinkomba zentengo yezimboni nezabathengi, kanye nezinye izinkomba zezezimali eziningi. Izinqubo zezombangazwe (isibonelo, ukhetho) noma izimo ezinkulu ze-force majeure (isibonelo, inhlekelele yangomhla ziyi-11 Septhemba 2001) zithinta ngqo izinga lokushintshaniswa kwedola laseMelika.
3. Imicimbi kunqubomgomo yangaphandle (imisebenzi yezempi yase-US kwamanye amazwe omhlaba, ukuketulwa umbuso emazweni akhiqiza uwoyela, njll.).

I-Euro

Izinga lokushintshisana kwe-euro uma liqhathaniswa nezimali ezinkulu zomhlaba lithintwa yilokhu:

1. Ukushintsha kwesilinganiso senzalo yi-European Central Bank, i.e. izinga amabhange ezentengiselwano aseYurophu athathwa ngalo.
2. Isimo somnotho waseYurophu – i-euro ikhula lapho umnotho we-EU ukhula. Lokhu kuvezwa ekushintsheni kwezinkomba zezomnotho omkhulu: ukukhula kwe-GDP, ukwehla kokuntuleka kwemisebenzi, ukwanda kwezinkomba zokukhiqizwa kwezimboni kanye nemisebenzi yebhizinisi.
3. I-euro ingelinye lamathuluzi emali eyinhloko kubatshalizimali, kanye nedola laseMelika. Ngokwezinga elithile, i-euro isincintisana nedola. Ngakho-ke, ngezinguquko ezingezinhle kudola, abatshalizimali bathenga i-euro, futhi ngokuphambene nalokho.

GBP

Ipondo laseBrithani liwuhlobo lwemali lwesithathu oludayiswa kakhulu futhi olutshalwe kakhulu emhlabeni. Izinto ezilandelayo zinomthelela endleleni yayo:

1. Okwasekhaya (ukwehla kwamandla emali, izinga lenzalo kanye ne-UK GDP, ibhalansi yezohwebo).
2. Izici zangaphandle izintengo zempahla yemvelo (ikakhulukazi igesi yemvelo) kanye nesimo sokuhwebelana ne-US, umlingani oyinhloko wohwebo we-UK.

I-yen yaseJapane

I-yen yaseJapane iwuhlobo lwemali oluguquleka ngokukhululekile, izinga layo elinqunywa emakethe yokushintshiselana kwamanye amazwe ngokuhambisana nokuhlinzekwa kanye nesidingo. Izici eziyinhloko ezithinta izinga lokushintshaniswa kwe-yen:

1. Ukungenelela kokushintshisana kwangaphandle koMnyango Wezezimali wase-Japan.
2. Isimo sezempi nezepolitiki emazweni ase-Asia-Pacific.
3. Isimo sezindaba zezinkampani ezinkulu zaseJapan (Toyota, Honda, Canon, njll.).
4. Izinhlekelele zemvelo eJapane.

I-Swiss frank

Imali yaseSwitzerland ingenye yezinhlobo zemali ezinzile emhlabeni. Isidingo se-franc ngokwesiko siyenyuka ngesikhathi sezimpi zohwebo phakathi kwamazwe. Izinga lokushintshisana lithonywa izici ezi-2 eziyinhloko:

1. Inqubomgomo ye-Swiss Central Bank.
2. Isimo kwezombusazwe nezombangazwe emhlabeni. Isimo sezindaba ku-Eurozone sinomthelela omkhulu kakhulu.

I-Russia ne-ruble

Ngokungafani ne-reserve 5 kanye nezimali ezinzile kakhulu zomhlaba, i-ruble yaseRussia ayikwazi ukuziqhayisa ngokuzinza okunjalo.

Naphezu kwezibikezelo ezinhle kakhulu futhi kucatshangelwa zonke izici ezingenzeka lapho ubikezela izinga lokushintshaniswa kwe-ruble, umcimbi wezombangazwe, wezezimali noma wezenhlalo nezomnotho ungenzeka njalo eRussia, okuzoba nomthelela omubi kakhulu ekuzinzeni kwezwe lonke. imali.

Kodwa-ke, lapho ubikezela, noma kunalokho, ukubikezela izinga lokushintshaniswa kwe-ruble ngokumelene nezimali zomhlaba eziyinhloko, umuntu angagxila ezintweni eziningi ezithinta ngokuqondile izinga lokushintshaniswa kwe-ruble. Lezi zici zihlanganisa:

1. Izintengo zempahla. Okokuqala, lawa amanani emakethe yomhlaba wonke yegesi yemvelo yaseRussia kanye nowoyela ongahluziwe. Ngokuncipha kwamanani kawoyela, ukuze kunxeshezelwe ukushoda kwemali engenayo yesabelomali, iBhange Elikhulu LaseRussia liphoqeleka ukuba liphishekele inqubomgomo yokunciphisa i-ruble.
2. izici zenqubomgomo yangaphandle. Izijeziso ezibekwe yi-United States kanye ne-European Union zinomthelela omubi kakhulu esilinganisweni sokushintshaniswa kwama-ruble.
3. izici zezombangazwe zangaphakathi. Ukungazinzi kwezombangazwe, ukungaqiniseki ngekusasa phakathi kwezakhamizi, inkinga yokuthembela ohlelweni lwamabhange wezwe kubangela ukwanda komthamo wokuthengwa kwemali yangaphandle kanye nokuwa kwe-ruble.
4. Izinkokhelo zezinkampani zaseRussia kubabolekisi bangaphandle noma izinkokhelo zezabelo. Abangele ukwanda kwesidingo semali yangaphandle.
5. Ukuthengwa ngabatshalizimali bakwamanye amazwe be-Russian Federal Loan Bonds efika ngamadola aseMelika.

Isilinganiso sokushintshaniswa esilinganayo

Enqubweni yokubeka intengo yomkhiqizo, izindlela ezimbili eziphikisanayo ziyashayisana: umsebenzi womthengisi ukuwuthengisa umba eqolo, umsebenzi womthengi ukuwuthenga ngentengo ephansi ngangokunokwenzeka. Ephuzwini lapho ubukhulu bokunikezwa nokufunwa bulingana, kuzofinyelelwa intengo yokulinganisa, okungukuthi, inani elinjalo lapho abathengisi bengeke babe nezimpahla noma amasevisi angadayiswa, futhi abathengi bazosebenzisa zonke izinsiza zezimali ekuthengeni izimpahla ezidingekayo (izinsizakalo). ). Emakethe yokuhwebelana kwamanye amazwe, kungenzeka futhi ukwakha izinga lokushintshisana elilinganayo. Leli izinga lohlobo lwemali kazwelonke, elibekwe ku-zero balance of trade, okungukuthi, lapho inani lempahla ethunyelwa ngaphandle kanye nempahla ephuma ngaphandle lilingana. Ngokufanelekile, umthamo wokuhlinzekwa kanye nesidingo emakethe yokushintshisana ngemali yangaphandle izofinyelela ekulinganeni kwayo.

Izinkomba zamanje ze-macroeconomic eRussia kanye nobudlelwano bazo nesilinganiso sokushintshaniswa kwe-ruble

Ukuncika komnotho waseRussia ekuthunyelweni kwama-hydrocarbons kungenye yezinkinga ezibalulekile emnothweni wesimanje waseRussia. Esimweni sokuncipha kwesidingo sezinsiza zamandla zaseRussia, ukufakwa kwezijeziso ezinkampanini zaseRussia kanye namanani entengo ehla ngomphongolo ngamunye kawoyela, uwoyela negesi okuncika kuye kwanda nakakhulu.

Isabelo semali engenayo kawoyela negesi esabelweni sesabelomali saseRussia engxenyeni yokuqala ka-2020 yayingama-29% kuphela. Lokhu kungukwehla kwerekhodi emalini engenayo evela ekuthengisweni kwamafutha negesi eminyakeni engu-20 edlule, lapho isabelo salezi zimali zitholakala emakethe. Isabelomali saseRussia sisuka ku-36% saya ku-51%.

Ngokweziqinisekiso zoMnyango Wezezimali waseRussian Federation, iRussia ingaphila ngamanani anjalo kawoyela iminyaka eminingana ngenxa yezimali eziqoqiwe. Ukusindiswa esimweni samanje ukwehla kancane kancane (ukwehla) kwe-ruble ngokumelene nedola laseMelika nezinye izimali zomhlaba. Kusukela ngoJanuwari 1, 2020, izinga lokushintshaniswa kwe-ruble ngokumelene nedola laseMelika lehlile lisuka kuma-ruble angama-61 laya kuma-ruble angama-75. Ngokusobala, ezimweni zamanje zamanani aphansi kawoyela, ukuwa kwe-ruble kuzoqhubeka: lena enye yezindlela zokukhokhela ukwehla kwengxenye yemali engenayo yesabelomali saseRussia.

Ukubikezela amanani okushintshanisa

Ukubikezela okunembile kwamazinga okushintshaniswa kuwumsebenzi onzima impela. Izinga lokushintshisana lithonywa yizici eziningi zemvelo ehlukahlukene – ezomnotho, ezezimali, ezepolitiki, ezenhlalo. Nokho, kunezindlela ezi-3 eziyinhloko zokuhlola ukuhamba kwamazinga okushintshanisa imali:

• izibalo – ngokusekelwe ekusetshenzisweni kwamamodeli ezibalo;
• uchwepheshe – ngokusekelwe ekuhloleni naseziphethweni zochwepheshe embonini;
• eziyinkimbinkimbi – ukuhlanganisa zombili izindlela.

ibhange eliphakathi

Ithuluzi lokugcina ukusimama kwezezimali nezintengo, elisebenza emazweni amaningi ngokunganaki isimo, ibhange elikhulu. Ibhange eliphakathi emazweni ahlukene lingase libe namagama ahlukene (isibonelo, e-United States, le misebenzi yenziwa yi-Federal Reserve System). Amabhange amakhulu enqolobaneni yawo anezindlela ezihlukahlukene zokuthonya izinga lokushintshisana: ukungenelela kokushintshisana ngemali yangaphandle, ukukhishwa kwemali kanye nezinye eziningi.

Ukungenelela kohlobo lwemali

Ukungenelela kokuhwebelana kwamanye amazwe kuyindlela yokuguqula izinga lokushintshaniswa kwemali yezwe esetshenziswa yiBhange Elikhulu. Kuye ngezinjongo zeBhange Elikhulu, ukungenelela kuholela ekwehleni kwemali kazwelonke ngokuhlobene nezinhlobo zemali ezinkulu zomhlaba, noma ekwenyukeni kwayo.

Ukungenelela kwenzeka ngokuhlinzekwa okusebenzayo kwemali yangaphandle emakethe yokushintshiselana kwamanye amazwe.

Ukuze kuncishiswe ukwehla kwamandla emali kanye nezintengo eziphansi zezimpahla ezingeniswa kwamanye amazwe, iBhange Elikhulu liphishekela inqubomgomo yokuqinisa imali kazwelonke (depreciate). Ngokwehla kwenani (ukwenyuka kwezinga lokushintshisana) kohlobo lwemali, inqubo ehlehlayo iyenzeka, kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo, imali engenayo yabathumeli bangaphandle iyakhula, okubaluleke kakhulu emnothweni ogxile ekuthekeliseni.

Indaba yemali

Ibhange elikhulu lingathinta kakhulu izinga lokushintshaniswa kwemali kazwelonke ngendaba yemali. Ukukhishwa kwemali kungukukhishwa kwemali okungeyona imali (ikakhulukazi) kanye nezikhwama zemali.

Ukukhishwa kwe-non-cash ngokuvamile kwenziwa ngokuboleka amabhange okuhweba, ukheshi – ngokusungula “umshini wokunyathelisa”.

E-Russia, imali yangaphandle etholwe yiBhange Elikhulu iqoqwa ezindaweni zokushintshisana ngegolide nezangaphandle futhi isetshenziselwe ukulungisa izinga lokushintshaniswa kwe-ruble. Uma kudingekile ukwandisa inani le-ruble ngokumelene nedola laseMelika, iBhange Elikhulu liqala ukuthengisa ngenkuthalo amadola aqoqwe ezindaweni zokugcina.

Isilinganiso sesaphulelo (isilinganiso sokubuyisela imali)

Izinga lokubuyisela imali yizinga lenzalo iBhange Elikhulu eliboleka ngalo amabhange okuhweba. Izinga lokushintshisana lilawulwa yiBhange Elikhulu, okuhlanganisa ukusebenzisa izinga lokubuyisela imali. Ngokukhuphula noma ukwehlisa izinga lesaphulelo, IBhange Elikhulu linquma inani lemali yamahhala evela emabhange, elithinta ngokuqondile izinga lokunikezwa kwemali kazwelonke emakethe yokushintshiselana kwamanye amazwe.

Imisebenzi ehlobene nezibopho zezikweletu zikazwelonke

Izinga lokushintshaniswa kwama-ruble lithonywa imakethe yezikweletu yezwe. Abatshalizimali, okuhlanganisa namabhange azimele, bahlola futhi baqhathanise ukukhanga kokutshalwa kwezimali kohlobo lwemali yangaphandle kanye nezibopho zezikweletu zikahulumeni, bekhetha ithuluzi lokutshala imali elinenzuzo kakhulu. Eqinisweni, lawa mathuluzi amabili okutshala izimali angoqhudelana naye: lapho izinga lembuyiselo kuzibopho zezikweletu zikahulumeni lehla, abatshalizimali bangena emalini yangaphandle, futhi ngokuphambene nalokho.

Umthelela wemali yedijithali kuzinhlobo zemali zomhlaba

Imali yedijithali wuhlobo lwemali olusetshenziswa ngemali kazwelonke futhi egcinwe kuphela ezinkundleni zokuxhumana. Izibonelo zemali yedijithali iWebmoney, i-PayPal, imali ye-Yandex, nezinye izinhlelo zokukhokha ngogesi. Imali ebonakalayo – i-cryptocurrencies – ingahlukaniswa njengesigaba esihlukile. Ama-Cryptocurrencies akhishwa kuphela ku-inthanethi futhi awaxhumene neze nohlelo lwezimali lombuso, ngoba aqokwe kwamanye amayunithi – ama-bitcoins. Uhlelo lwemali yedijithali alunawo umthelela obalulekile esilinganisweni sokushintshaniswa kwemali.

Ithonya lezinye izici

Izinga lokushintshisana lithonywa yizimo zengqondo, i-force majeure kanye nezinhlekelele ezihlukahlukene. Izici ezingokwengqondo zihlanganisa ukuzethemba komphakathi ngemali ethile. Ukwenyuka kwesidingo semali ethile yangaphandle kukhombisa ukuntula ithemba emalini yezwe. Emnothweni wesimanje womhlaba, izinga lokushintshisana lithonywa yizici eziningi ezihlukene: ezomnotho, ezezimali, ezokuhlalisana nepolitiki nezinye eziningi. Ndawonye, ​​lezi zici zinquma inani lemali kazwelonke. Izinga lokushintshaniswa kwemali kazwelonke, ikakhulukazi i-ruble yaseRussia, libonakala ngokuqondile eqophelweni nasezingeni lokuphila kwawo wonke umuntu ohlala eRussia.