Izinto ezichaphazela izinga lotshintshiselwano

Kuqoqosho lwehlabathi, akunakwenzeka ukucinga ilizwe ngaphandle korhwebo lwamazwe ngamazwe. Ukwenza oku, iyunithi yemali yalo naliphi na ilizwe kufuneka ihambelane neemali zamanye amazwe. Indlela yokulinganisa ixabiso lemali yelizwe xa kuthelekiswa nezinye iimali yizinga lotshintshiselwano, eliphenjelelwa zizinto ezininzi.

Ixabiso lotshintshiselwano – yintoni na?

Izinga lonaniso (okanye ireyithi yotshintshiselwano) yimali yelizwe elinye, elinganiswa ngemali yelizwe yelinye ilizwe. I-ruble yaseRashiya, idola yaseMelika, i-yen yaseJapan yonke imizekelo yeemali zelizwe. Xa siva ukuba i-dollar exchange rate ifikelele kwi-ruble ye-N, eli lixabiso le-ruble yaseRashiya, echazwe kwimali yelizwe lase-US. Ukubonisa izinga lotshintshiselwano kunentsingiselo ebonakalayo kuphela ngomhla othile. Ngomso olandelayo, iveki okanye inyanga kamva, izinga lokutshintshiselana lingatshintsha kakhulu, kwaye olu lwazi sele lulahlekelwa ukufaneleka kwalo.

Izinto ezichaphazela amaxabiso otshintshiselwano

Izinga lotshintshiselwano linokumiselwa ngeendlela ezimbini: ukuthengisa okanye ukuthengisa. Kwimeko yokuqala, izinga lenziwe kwisiseko semarike kwaye kuxhomekeke kunikezelo kunye nemfuno yemali. Kwimeko yesibini, izinga libekwe ngurhulumente ngokwesiseko somthetho.

Imarike

Izinga lotshintshiselwano kwiimeko zemarike lichongwa ngumlinganiselo wokubonelela kunye nemfuno yemali yelizwe. Izinga lotshintshiselwano lwalo naliphi na ilizwe emhlabeni lidla ngokumiselwa kwiimali ezi-5 ezinkulu zehlabathi, ezona zizinzile kwixesha elide. Yona:

• Idola yaseMelika;
• I-Euro;
• Iponti yesiNgesi ye-sterling;
• Yen yaseJapan;
• Swiss frank.

Indawo apho abathengisi kunye nabathengi bemali badibana khona ibizwa ngokuba kutshintshiselwano lwemali. Utshintshiselwano yindawo apho, ngokwemithetho yokubonelela kunye nokufunwa, ixabiso elifanelekileyo kakhulu lenziwe, kwimeko yethu, ixabiso lemali yelizwe.

Utshintshiselwano olukhulu lwemali kwiRussian Federation yiMoscow Interbank Currency Exchange (MICEX).

Ingaba imfuno yemali yelizwe yenziwa njani kutshintshiselwano lwemali? Masithi imeko yotyalo-mali yenziwe kakuhle kweli lizwe kwaye abatyali-mali bangaphandle bakulungele ukutyala imali yabo ukuze bavule amashishini amatsha okanye baphuhlise asele ekhona. Ukuvelisa, kuyimfuneko ukuthenga oomatshini, izixhobo, ukufumana indawo, ukuhlawula imivuzo kubasebenzi kunye nokuhlawula irhafu – konke ngemali yesizwe.

Ukuphumeza esi sicwangciso, abatyali-mali beza kwi-stock exchange kunye nomnqweno wokuthenga imali yesizwe yeli lizwe. Imfuno yemali yelizwe iyanda, kwaye ngokufanelekileyo, izinga lotshintshiselwano lwale mali liyanda.

Imizekelo yotshintsho kwizinga lotshintshiselwano lwemali yelizwe X ngokuchasene nedola yaseMelika ngokuxhomekeke kutshintsho kumthamo wonikezelo lwedola kunye nemali yelizwe kwimarike yotshintshiselwano lwangaphandle yelizwe iboniswe kwitheyibhile.

Iikhrayitheriya	Umzekelo 1	Umzekelo 2	Umzekelo 3	Umzekelo 4	Umzekelo 5	Umzekelo 6
Umthamo wonikezelo lwe-United States kwimarike yotshintshiselwano lwangaphandle yelizwe (ngeedola)	5,000,000	2 500 000	10,000,000	5,000,000	5,000,000	5,000,000
Umthamo wonikezelo lwemali yelizwe kwimarike yonaniso yelizwe (X)	100 000000	100,000,000	100,000,000	50,000,000	10,000,000	500,000,000
Izinga lonaniso lwemali yelizwe ngokuchasene nedola yaseMelika (iiyunithi eziqhelekileyo)	Amashumi amabini	40	Shumi	Shumi	2	100

Iibhanki

Imisebenzi yokutshintshiselana ngemali yeebhanki yenye into echaphazela izinga lotshintshiselwano. Abathengi abaphambili beenkonzo zebhanki zokuthengwa nokuthengiswa kwemali yangaphandle kuthi, abemi abaqhelekileyo. Sithenga imali eqinileyo:

• iihambo phesheya;
• bezama ukukhusela imali yabo ekunyukeni kwamaxabiso;
• ukwenza ukudluliselwa kwemali kumazwe angaphandle.

Izinga lokutshintshiselwa kweebhanki zorhwebo kubemi lihluke zombini kwizinga lemarike kunye nexabiso elisemthethweni, elibekwe yiBhanki Ephakathi kumazwe ahlukeneyo.
Umda (umahluko) phakathi kwamaxabiso okuthenga nokuthengisa imali yinzuzo yeebhanki kwiintengiselwano zotshintshiselwano lwangaphandle. ERashiya, ingcamango “yexabiso elisemthethweni” kunye “nexabiso lemarike” ngokumalunga nedoli yase-US iyafana, kuba i-dollar yase-US esemthethweni, ebekwe yi-Central Bank yaseRashiya, imiselwe ngesiseko se-MICEX yokurhweba ngemali. kusuku olungaphambili.

Ngenxa yeendleko eziphezulu zokuthengisa imali ngeebhanki kunye nezinga eliphantsi lokuthenga kubemi, kuphantse kube yinto engenamsebenzi ukuyithenga ukufumana imali kwiinguqu kumaxabiso otshintshiselwano.

Umlinganiselo wezinga lotshintshiselwano olusemthethweni lwe-ruble kunye nezinga lokuthenga kunye nokuthengiswa kweebhanki zorhwebo kuboniswe kwitheyibhile.

Izinga lotshintshiselwano olusemthethweni lwedola yaseMelika ngokuchasene neruble	Ixabiso lokuthengwa kwedola yaseMelika yibhanki yorhwebo	Ixabiso lokuthengisa idola yaseMelika yibhanki yorhwebo
75.4	74	77.7

Ibhalansi yorhwebo

Ibhalansi yorhwebo ngumahluko phakathi kwenkcazo epheleleyo yempahla engeniswe elizweni (impahla ethunyelwa ngaphandle) kunye nengxelo epheleleyo yeempahla ezithunyelwa ngaphandle (kumazwe angaphandle). Ngokufanelekileyo, ibhalansi yorhwebo inokuba yelungileyo (impahla ethunyelwa ngaphandle iphambili) okanye ingalunganga (izinto ezithunyelwa ngaphandle ziphambili). Ibhalansi yorhwebo yinto ebaluleke kakhulu ekumiseleni izinga lotshintshiselwano lwemali yelizwe. Umzekelo wokurhweba okungalunganga. Ibhalansi engalunganga ye-$25,000:

Thumela ngaphandle, iidola zaseMelika	Ngenisa, iidola zaseMelika
100,000	125 000

Kumazwe anesabelo esibalulekileyo sokuthunyelwa kwe-hydrocarbons okanye ezinye izinto, izinga lotshintshiselwano lwemali yelizwe ngokuthe ngqo lixhomekeke kwibhalansi yorhwebo (umahluko phakathi kokuthumela ngaphandle kunye nokuthunyelwa ngaphandle). Ukuba ingeniso kwimali yangaphandle iyenyuka, izinga lotshintshiselwano lwemali yelizwe nalo liyenyuka. Umzekelo obalaseleyo wokuxhomekeka kwizinga lotshintshiselwano lwemali yelizwe ekuguquguqukeni kwamaxabiso eoli okwenzeka kwimarike yamazwe ngamazwe lizinga lotshintshiselwano lweruble yaseRashiya ngokuchasene nedola yaseMelika.

Kwibhalansi elungileyo yorhwebo

Ibhalansi elungileyo (okanye esebenzayo) yorhwebo ikhokelela ekwandeni konikezelo lwemali yangaphandle, ikakhulu idola yaseMelika, kwimarike yelizwe. Ngenxa yoko, kunye nomthamo oqhubekayo wokunikezelwa kwemali yelizwe, izinga lokutshintshiselwa kwemali yelizwe liyenyuka. Oku kulungile kubathengisi bangaphandle kunye nohlahlo lwabiwo-mali lwelizwe, kodwa ngaba lulungele uqoqosho ngokubanzi kunye nabemi belizwe? Hayi. Inyaniso kukuba izinga eliphezulu lotshintshiselwano lwe-ruble (ukuba sihlalutya imeko kumzekelo waseRashiya) libi kakhulu kuninzi lwabemi belizwe kunye nabangaphandle. Izinga eliphezulu lotshintshiselwano lwe-ruble libandakanya ukunyuka kweendleko zazo zonke iimpahla ezithunyelwa ngaphandle. Kumazwe afana neRashiya, apho inxalenye ebalulekileyo yempahla yemihla ngemihla ithunyelwa ngaphandle, kubaluleke kakhulu ukubetha ibhalansi kunye nokugcina idola phakathi kwemida ethile. Umzekelo wokurhweba okulungileyo. Ibhalansi entle ye-$50,000:

Thumela ngaphandle, iidola zaseMelika	Ngenisa, iidola zaseMelika
100,000	50,000

Yintoni emisela amaxabiso eemali ezinkulu zehlabathi?

Amazwe anemali ephakathi kwezona zimali zintlanu zizinzile ehlabathini ohluka kakhulu ngokomthamo wezoqoqosho, ngokwejografi kunye nemeko yezentlalo noqoqosho. Ke ngoko, izinga lotshintshiselwano lweemali zelizwe liphenjelelwa zizinto ezahlukeneyo.

Idola yaseMelika

Izinto ezichaphazela ireyithi yedola yaseMelika zinokwahlulwa zibe ngamaqela amakhulu amathathu:

1. Umgaqo-nkqubo wezemali wase-US, oqhutywe yi-Federal Reserve System (FRS).
2. Iziganeko ezinxulumene nemeko yangaphakathi yentlalo-qoqosho kunye nezopolitiko kweli lizwe. Ezo zalathisi, umzekelo, zibandakanya idatha yokukhula kwe-GDP, izalathi zexabiso lemizi-mveliso kunye nabathengi, kunye nezinye izikhombisi ezininzi zemali. Iinkqubo zezopolitiko (umzekelo, ukhetho) okanye iimeko ezinkulu ze-force majeure (umzekelo, intlekele kaSeptemba 11, 2001) ichaphazela ngokuthe ngqo i-dollar yase-US.
3. Iziganeko kumgaqo-nkqubo welizwe langaphandle (imisebenzi yomkhosi wase-US kwamanye amazwe ehlabathi, ukudibanisa kumazwe avelisa ioli, njl.).

I-Euro

Izinga lonaniso lwe-euro ngokuchasene neemali ezinkulu zehlabathi lichatshazelwa yile:

1. Utshintsho kwizinga lenzala yi-European Central Bank, i.e. umlinganiselo iibhanki zorhwebo zaseYurophu ezibalelwa ngayo.
2. Isimo soqoqosho lwaseYurophu – i-euro ikhula xa uqoqosho lwe-EU lukhula. Oku kubonakaliswe kutshintsho kwizalathisi ze-macroeconomic: ukukhula kwe-GDP, ukuhla kwentswela-ngqesho, ukwanda kwee-indices zemveliso yezoshishino kunye nomsebenzi wezoshishino.
3. I-euro sesinye sezixhobo zemali eziphambili kubatyali-mali, kunye nedola yaseMelika. Ukusa kumlinganiselo othile, i-euro ikhuphisana nedola. Ngoko ke, ngotshintsho olubi kwidola, abatyali-mali bathenga i-euro, kwaye ngokufanayo.

IGBP

Iponti yaseBhritane yeyesithathu imali ekurhwetywa ngayo kunye netyaliwe kakhulu kwihlabathi. Ezi zinto zilandelayo zinefuthe kwindlela yayo:

1. Yasekhaya (ukunyuka kwamaxabiso, inzala kunye ne-UK GDP, ibhalansi yorhwebo).
2. Imiba yangaphandle ngamaxabiso ezinto zendalo (ingakumbi igesi yendalo) kunye nemeko yorhwebo ne-US, iqabane eliphambili lezorhwebo lase-UK.

Yen yaseJapan

I-yen yaseJapan yimali eguqulwa ngokukhululekileyo, isantya esinqunywe kwimarike yotshintshiselwano lwangaphandle ngokuhambelana nokubonelela kunye nemfuno. Izinto eziphambili ezichaphazela izinga lotshintshiselwano lwe-yen:

1. Ungenelelo lotshintshiselwano lwangaphandle lweSebe lezeMali laseJapan.
2. Imeko yomkhosi-yezopolitiko kumazwe akummandla we-Asia-Pacific.
3. Ubume bemicimbi yeenkampani ezinkulu zaseJapan (iToyota, Honda, Canon, njl.).
4. Iintlekele zemvelo eJapan.

Swiss frank

Imali yaseSwitzerland yenye yezona zimali zizinzile kwihlabathi. Imfuno ye-franc ngokwesiko iphakama ngexesha leemfazwe zorhwebo phakathi kwamazwe. Izinga lonaniso liphenjelelwa zizinto ezi-2 eziphambili:

1. Umgaqo-nkqubo weBhanki Enkulu yaseSwitzerland.
2. Imeko kwezopolitiko zehlabathi kunye nezopolitiko. Imeko yemicimbi kwi-Eurozone inempembelelo enkulu.

ERashiya kunye ne-ruble

Ngokungafaniyo nokugcinwa kwe-5 kunye neemali ezininzi ezizinzileyo zehlabathi, i-ruble yaseRashiya ayikwazi ukuziqhayisa ngokuzinza okunjalo.

Ngaphandle kolona qikelelo luhle kakhulu kwaye luthathela ingqalelo zonke izinto ezinokwenzeka xa kuqikelelwa ireyithi yokutshintshiselana nge-ruble, isiganeko sezopolitiko, sezemali okanye sezentlalo noqoqosho sinokuhlala sisenzeka eRashiya, esiya kuba nefuthe elibi kakhulu kuzinzo lwelizwe. imali.

Nangona kunjalo, xa uqikelelo, okanye kunoko, ukuqikelela izinga lokutshintshiselwa kwe-ruble malunga neemali zehlabathi eziphambili, umntu unokugxila kwizinto ezininzi ezinefuthe elithe ngqo kwizinga lokutshintshiselwa kwe-ruble. Ezi zinto ziquka:

1. Amaxabiso ezinto. Okokuqala, la ngamaxabiso emarike yehlabathi yerhasi yendalo yaseRashiya kunye neoyile ekrwada. Ngokuhla kwexabiso leoli, ukwenzela ukuhlawulela ukusilela kwingeniso yebhajethi, iBhanki Enkulu yaseRashiya inyanzelekile ukuba ilandele umgaqo-nkqubo wokunciphisa i-ruble.
2. imiba yomgaqo-nkqubo wangaphandle. Izohlwayo ezibekwe yi-United States kunye ne-European Union zinempembelelo embi kakhulu kwizinga lokutshintshiselwa kwe-ruble.
3. imiba yezopolitiko yangaphakathi. Ukungazinzi kwezopolitiko, ukungaqiniseki ngekamva phakathi kwabemi, ingxaki yokuzithemba kwinkqubo yebhanki yelizwe ibangela ukwanda komthamo wokuthengwa kwemali yangaphandle kunye nokuwa kwe-ruble.
4. Iintlawulo zeenkampani zaseRashiya kubabolekisi bangaphandle okanye iintlawulo zezahlulo. Banga ukwanda kwemfuno yemali yangaphandle.
5. Kuthengwe ngabatyali-mali bangaphandle beRussian Federal Loan Bonds eyenziwe ngeedola zaseMelika.

Ireyithi yokutshintshiselana ngokulinganayo

Kwinkqubo yokubeka ixabiso lemveliso, iindlela ezimbini ezichaseneyo ziyangqubana: umsebenzi womthengisi kukuthengisa ngexabiso eliphakamileyo kangangoko, umsebenzi womthengi kukuthenga ngexabiso eliphantsi kangangoko. Kwinqanaba apho ubukhulu bokubonelela kunye nokufunwa bulingana, ixabiso lokulinganisa liya kufikelela, oko kukuthi, ixabiso elinjalo apho abathengisi abayi kuba nempahla okanye iinkonzo ezingathengiswanga, kwaye abathengi baya kuchitha zonke izibonelelo zemali ekuthengeni iimpahla eziyimfuneko (iinkonzo ). Kwimarike yotshintshiselwano lwangaphandle, kunokwenzeka kwakhona ukwenza ireyithi yokutshintshiselana ngokulinganayo. Lo ngumlinganiselo wemali yelizwe, ebekwe kwi-balance balance of trade, oko kukuthi, xa ixabiso lezinto ezithunyelwa ngaphandle kunye nokuthengiswa ngaphandle lilingana. Ngokuhambelanayo, umthamo wokubonelela kunye nemfuno kwimarike yotshintshiselwano lwangaphandle iya kufikelela kwi-equilibrium yayo.

Izibonakaliso zangoku ze-macroeconomic eRashiya kunye nobudlelwane babo kunye nezinga lokutshintshiselwa kwe-ruble

Ukuxhomekeka koqoqosho lwaseRashiya ekuthunyelweni kwe-hydrocarbons yenye yeengxaki eziphambili kuqoqosho lwaseRashiya lwangoku. Kumxholo wokuncipha kwemfuno yemithombo yamandla yaseRussia, ukubekwa kwezohlwayo ngokuchasene neenkampani zaseRussia kunye namaxabiso ahlayo ngomphanda weoyile, ioyile kunye negesi yokuxhomekeka kuye kwanda ngakumbi.

Isabelo sengeniso yeoli kunye negesi kwisabelo-mali saseRashiya kwisiqingatha sokuqala se-2020 sasingama-29 kuphela. Oku kukwehla kwerekhodi kwiingeniso ezivela ekuthengisweni kweoli kunye negesi kwiminyaka eyi-20 edlulileyo, xa isabelo sale mali kwingeniso Uhlahlo lwabiwo-mali lwaseRashiya lusuka kwi-36% ukuya kwi-51%.

Ngokweziqinisekiso zoMphathiswa wezeMali weRussian Federation, iRashiya inokuphila kumaxabiso eoli iminyaka emininzi ngenxa yogcino lwemali oluqokelelweyo. Ukusindiswa kwimeko yangoku kukuhla kwexabiso (ukuhla) kwe-ruble ngokuchasene nedola yaseMelika kunye nezinye iimali zehlabathi. Ukususela ngoJanuwari 1, i-2020, izinga lokutshintshiselwa kwe-ruble ngokumelene ne-dollar yase-US liye lehla ukusuka kwi-ruble ye-61 ukuya kwi-ruble ye-75. Ngokucacileyo, kwiimeko zangoku zexabiso leoli eliphantsi, ukuwa kwe-ruble kuya kuqhubeka: le yenye yeendlela zokuhlawula ukuhla kwengeniso yesabelo-mali saseRashiya.

Uqikelelo lwamaxabiso otshintshiselwano

Uqikelelo oluchanekileyo lwamaxabiso otshintshiselwano ngumsebenzi onzima kakhulu. Izinga lotshintshiselwano luphenjelelwa zizinto ezininzi zendalo eyahlukeneyo – ezoqoqosho, ezemali, ezopolitiko, ezentlalo. Nangona kunjalo, kukho iindlela ezi-3 eziphambili zokuvavanya ukuhamba kwamaxabiso otshintshiselwano:

• imathematika – esekelwe kusetyenziso lweemodeli zemathematika;
• ingcali – esekelwe kuvavanyo kunye nezigqibo zeengcali kwishishini;
• entsonkothileyo – ukudibanisa zombini iindlela.

ibhanki ephakathi

Isixhobo sokugcina uzinzo lwemali kunye nexabiso, elisebenza kumazwe amaninzi kungakhathaliseki ukuba urhulumente, yibhanki ephakathi. Ibhanki ephakathi kumazwe ahlukeneyo ingaba namagama ahlukeneyo (umzekelo, eUnited States, le misebenzi yenziwa yi-Federal Reserve System). Iibhanki eziphambili zineendlela zazo ezahlukeneyo zokuphembelela izinga lotshintshiselwano: ungenelelo lotshintshiselwano lwangaphandle, ukukhutshwa kwemali kunye nabanye abaninzi.

Ungenelelo lwemali

Ungenelelo lotshintshiselwano lwangaphandle luyindlela yokutshintsha izinga lotshintshiselwano lwemali yelizwe esetyenziswa yiBhanki Ephakathi. Ngokuxhomekeke kwiinjongo zeBhanki ePhakathi, ukungenelela kukhokelela ekunciphiseni kwexabiso lemali yelizwe ngokumalunga neemali ezinkulu zehlabathi, okanye ukunyuka kwayo.

Ungenelelo lwenzeka ngobonelelo olusebenzayo lwemali yangaphandle kwimarike yotshintshiselwano lwangaphandle.

Ukunciphisa ukunyuka kwamaxabiso kunye namaxabiso aphantsi ezinto ezithunyelwa ngaphandle, iBhanki Ephakathi ilandelela umgaqo-nkqubo wokuqinisa imali yelizwe (i-depreciate). Ngokuhla kwexabiso (ukunyuka kwezinga lotshintshiselwano) lwemali, inkqubo ebuyela umva iyenzeka, kodwa kwangaxeshanye, ingeniso yabathengisi bangaphandle iyakhula, nto leyo ebaluleke kakhulu kuqoqosho olujolise kumazwe angaphandle.

Umba wemali

Ibhanki ephakathi inokuchaphazela kakhulu izinga lotshintshiselwano lwemali yelizwe ngomba wemali. Ukukhutshwa kwemali kukukhutshwa kwiimali ezingezizo ezemali (ubukhulu becala) kunye neengxowa-mali eziinkozo.

Ukukhutshwa kwe-Non-cash emission ngokuqhelekileyo kuqhutyelwa ngokuboleka iibhanki zorhwebo, imali – ngokusungula “umatshini wokushicilela”.

ERashiya, imali yangaphandle efunyenwe yiBhanki ePhakathi iqokelelwe kwigolide kunye neendawo zokutshintshiselana kwamanye amazwe kwaye isetyenziselwa ukulungelelanisa izinga lokutshintsha i-ruble. Ukuba kuyimfuneko ukunyusa ixabiso le-ruble kwi-dollar yase-US, iBhanki Ephakathi iqala ukuthengisa ngokusebenzayo iidola eziqokelelwe kwiindawo zokugcina.

Ixabiso lesaphulelo (irefinancing rate)

Izinga lokubuyisela imali lizinga lenzala apho iBhanki Enkulu iboleka iibhanki zorhwebo. Ireyithi yokutshintshiselana ilawulwa yiBhanki Ephakathi, kubandakanywa nokusebenzisa irefinancing rate. Ngokunyusa okanye ukwehlisa izinga lesaphulelo, iBhanki Ephakathi inquma inani lemali yamahhala evela kwiibhanki, echaphazela ngokuthe ngqo inqanaba lokunikezelwa kwemali yelizwe kwimarike yokutshintshiselana kwamanye amazwe.

Imisebenzi enxulumene nezibophelelo zetyala lesizwe

Izinga lokutshintshiselwa kwe-ruble liphenjelelwa yimarike yetyala yelizwe. Abatyali-zimali, kubandakanywa iibhanki zabucala, ukuvavanya kwaye uthelekise umtsalane wotyalo-mali lwemali yangaphandle kunye nezibophelelo zetyala likarhulumente, ukukhetha isixhobo sotyalo-mali esinenzuzo kakhulu. Enyanisweni, ezi zixhobo zibini zotyalo-mali zikhuphisana: xa inqanaba lembuyekezo kwizibophelelo zetyala likarhulumente liyancipha, abatyali-mali bangena kwimali yangaphandle, kwaye ngokufanayo.

Impembelelo yemali yedijithali kwiimali zehlabathi

Imali yedijithali yimali ebizwa ngokuba yimali yelizwe kwaye igcinwa kuphela kumajelo e-elektroniki. Imizekelo yemali yedijithali yiWebmoney, PayPal, Yandex imali, kunye nezinye iinkqubo zokuhlawula nge-elektroniki. Imali ebonakalayo – i-cryptocurrencies – ingahlelwa njengodidi olwahlukileyo. I-Cryptocurrencies ikhutshwe kuphela kwi-Intanethi kwaye ayikho indlela edibeneyo kunye nenkqubo yemali karhulumente, kuba batyunjwe kwezinye iiyunithi – i-bitcoins. Inkqubo yemali yedijithali ayinayo impembelelo ebalulekileyo kwizinga lokutshintshiselana.

Impembelelo yezinye izinto

Izinga lotshintshiselwano liphenjelelwa yiziganeko zengqondo, i-force majeure kunye neentlekele ezahlukeneyo. Izinto zengqondo zibandakanya ukuzithemba koluntu kwimali ethile. Ukunyuka kwemfuno yemali ethile yangaphandle kubonisa ukungabikho kokuzithemba kwimali yelizwe. Kuqoqosho lwangoku lwehlabathi, izinga lotshintshiselwano liphenjelelwa zizinto ezininzi ezahlukeneyo: ezoqoqosho, ezemali, ezentlalo nezopolitiko kunye nenani lezinye. Ngokudibeneyo, ezi zinto zimisela ixabiso lemali yelizwe. Izinga lotshintshiselwano lwemali yelizwe, ngokukodwa i-ruble yaseRashiya, ibonakaliswe ngokuthe ngqo kumgangatho kunye nomgangatho wokuphila komntu wonke ohlala eRashiya.