Imiterere nubwoko bwishoramari: gutondekanya, guhitamo ibikoresho, ishoramari nyaryo ritaziguye, portfolio yimari, gukekeranya, guhitamo ibikoresho byishoramari. Mu bihe bikunze guhura n’ibibazo, abantu basanzwe bahura n’ibura n’ifaranga ry’amafaranga, gutakaza amasoko make yinjiza, no gukaraba vuba amafaranga yo kuzigama, niba bihari. Kandi abantu babishaka binjiza amafaranga aturuka ahantu henshi bahura na zeru ya bamwe muribo. Ababigize umwuga burigihe, na cyane cyane mugihe cyibibazo, guhora kandi byoroshye kugenzura isoko, guhanura no guhitamo uburyo bwiza bwo gushora imari no kwinjiza amafaranga ashingiye kubisesenguye ryagutse.

Ibyingenzi nuburyo bukoreshwa, ibisabwa byishoramari

Ishoramari rifatwa nkishoramari ryamafaranga, impapuro zagaciro, umutungo, umutungo nubundi burenganzira mubintu byo kwihangira imirimo nubucuruzi kugirango babone inyungu cyangwa inyungu. Intego z’ishoramari ni:

1. Gushiraho umushahara wa kabiri cyangwa pansiyo, amafaranga yinyongera kandi yibanze mubuzima, umuryango ningendo.
2. Kwinjiza neza no kuzigama biturutse ku guta agaciro kw’ifaranga n’ingaruka z’amafaranga.
3. Gucunga neza amafaranga kugirango ushireho igishoro no kwimuka muburyo bwubwisanzure bwamafaranga.

Urwego rw’amafaranga yinjiza muri iki gihe agaragara ku ifoto:
Ibisabwa byingenzi kugira ngo ishoramari ryizewe ni inzira y’ifaranga ry’ifaranga rihoraho buri mwaka (guta agaciro kw’amafaranga), gusimbuka gukabije kw’ibibazo, no guhindagurika kw’isoko buri gihe hagati y’ibice bitandukanye by’amafaranga, hamwe n’ingaruka z’ubukungu. Kurugero, ibiciro byibyiciro bimwe muburusiya mugice cya mbere cya 2022 yiyongereyeho 30-40%. Ifaranga muri Amerika ryageze kuri 8,6% – amateka mu myaka 40 ishize. Kwiyongera k’ubushomeri n’amadeni ya banki hiyongereyeho – amafaranga arenga miriyoni imwe y’amadeni yatinze y’Abarusiya ku mabanki. Muri ibyo bihe niho hakenewe kumenya icyo gukora amafaranga yawe n’umutungo utandukanye birakabije. Umutungo wabantu ku giti cyabo nisosiyete urimo umutungo wabo wagaciro hamwe namafaranga muburyo butandukanye: amazu namagorofa, ibinyabiziga nibikoresho, ibikoresho bifatika nibyuma byagaciro, kubitsa muri banki, uburenganzira butandukanye hamwe na patenti. Inshingano y’abashoramari mubibazo ni ugushiraho umutungo uzapfukirana ifaranga. Ubwoko bw’umutungo ushora imari urimo:

• Imigabane ninguzanyo zamasosiyete yizewe. Isoko ryimigabane.
• Umutungo utimukanwa.
• Ibyuma by’agaciro. Mbere ya byose, zahabu.
• Cryptocurrencies.
• Ishoramari mu bucuruzi.
• Shora mu myigire yawe: kugirango ubone ubumenyi nubushobozi byinjiza amafaranga.
• Gucuruza no gucuruza.

Ishoramari nishoramari numutungo uzafasha kurinda amafaranga no kubona amafaranga yinyongera. Noneho ikibazo gihinduka umutungo numwanya wo gufasha kubyara inyungu ninyungu. Uburyo bwo kugwiza umutungo wawe, ntabwo ari ikibazo. Ntabwo ari ngombwa gusa uburyo n’aho gushora imari neza, ariko kandi nuburyo bwo gucunga neza igishoro cyawe.

Igishoro cyishoramari ni ibikoresho, ubwenge nubukungu. Mubisobanuro bya kera, igishoro nibintu byose bifite agaciro, harimo nuburyo bwo gukora. Mu gusobanukirwa ishoramari, uburyo bwo gukora ibicuruzwa nibikoresho byishoramari.

Kugirango ucunge neza imari, ikibazo cyo kumenya gusoma no kwandika kirakaze. Kumenya inyungu zishoramari, utabisobanukiwe neza, benshi binjira muri gahunda zuburiganya na gahunda ya piramide, aho ijambo ryibanze rihora ari “ishoramari”. Muri uwo mwaka, Abarusiya “bahaye” miliyari 13.5 z’amafaranga y’amafaranga abashuka amafaranga. Ibiriho hamwe nifaranga bigira uruhare mu gusoma no kwandika no kumenya ibibazo byubukungu. Ingamba zimaze imyaka mirongo yo “kwicara ku madorari n’amayero” yahagaritse akazi, ishoramari ryataye agaciro inshuro nyinshi mumezi abiri. Bitandukanye na Perezida Biden, wahanuye igiciro cy’idolari ku mafaranga magana abiri, umuherwe w’ishoramari muri Amerika Ray Dalio yita imyanda y’amafaranga kandi ntasaba kubika amafaranga mu mafaranga, cyane cyane mu bihe by’ibibazo. https://articles.opexflow.com/ubucuruzi-yitoza/ray-dalio.

Ibyiciro byubwoko bwishoramari

Hariho ibyiciro byinshi byubwoko bwishoramari. Ukurikije ibyiciro byishoramari ni:

1. Ishoramari rirambye ryigihe kirekire ryimitungo ifatika kandi ifatika muburyo bwimari shingiro kandi ikora, hamwe numutungo wubwenge. Nuburyo umutungo utimukanwa wibigo uremwa. Bagamije kwagura, kunoza no kuvugurura umusaruro hamwe ninyungu zitinze.
2. Ishoramari ryimari yimari iganisha ku kwinjiza mu buryo butaziguye. Izi nishoramari muburyo bwigihe kizaza nimpapuro zagaciro, muburyo bwimigabane, ingwate ninshingano zumwenda. Ishoramari mubucuruzi, imishinga yimari nubukode. Amafaranga ava mubintu nkibi byishoramari agizwe ninyungu zisanzwe hamwe no kuzamuka kwibiciro mugihe bigurishijwe.
3. Ibishushanyo – ishoramari mumafaranga n’ubwoko bw’amabuye y’agaciro.

Ukurikije uburyo abashoramari bitabira inzira, iziguye kandi zitaziguye nazo ziratandukanye:

• Uruhare rutaziguye rwumushoramari muguhitamo ikintu, gutanga umusanzu wemewe, no kugira uruhare mugucunga ikintu cyishoramari.
• Uruhare rutaziguye mu ishoramari binyuze mu bahuza – amafaranga yo gushora imari, abahuza, abajyanama mu by’imari.

Icyangombwa ni ugushyira ishoramari ukurikije amasezerano yishoramari ryumutungo:

• Ishoramari rirambye rimara imyaka irenga itanu.
• Kubitsa igihe giciriritse kuva kumwaka umwe kugeza kumyaka itanu.
• Ishoramari ryigihe gito mugihe kitarenze umwaka.

Ikindi kimenyetso cyingenzi cyishoramari ni urwego rwinjiza:

• Ishoramari rifatwa nk’inyungu nyinshi, amafaranga yinjiza arenze inyungu zisanzwe ku isoko ry’ishoramari.
• Impuzandengo y’inyungu ni ishoramari rigereranywa ninyungu mpuzandengo ku ishoramari ku isoko.
• Ishoramari rito -yielding nishoramari rizana amafaranga munsi yisoko.
• Ishoramari ridaharanira inyungu ridafite inyungu ziteganijwe zirimo gahunda z’imibereho, ibidukikije n’imfashanyo.

Igisobanuro cyingenzi cyishoramari kumushoramari nukuyishyira mubikorwa ukurikije ingaruka zishoramari ifite:

• Ingaruka – ishoramari ryubusa hamwe ninjiza 100%. Harimo kubitsa muri banki za leta hamwe na leta.
• Ishoramari rifite ibyago bike ni abafite ibyago byo gutakaza biri munsi yikigereranyo cyisoko .
• Ishoramari rishobora kuba rito niryo rigereranywa ningaruka kubandi ku isoko.
• Ishoramari rifite ibyago byinshi ni abafite ibyago byingaruka ni byinshi byikigereranyo cyo kwisoko. Harimo ishoramari mumishinga yibitekerezo byinjiza byinshi bishoboka.

Ikintu kimwe cyingenzi kiranga ishoramari nubushobozi bwacyo:

• Ishoramari ryamazi menshi rifite ibikoresho bishobora guhinduka byoroshye kandi byihuse mumafaranga nta gihombo kubiciro byisoko.
• Ishoramari ritoya risobanura ibintu bishobora guhinduka kuva muminsi 30 kugeza kumezi atandatu, nta gihombo kinini cyibiciro.
• Ishoramari rito- rishobora guhinduka amafaranga mugihe kitarenze amezi atandatu. Mubisanzwe ibi nibintu bike bizwi cyangwa bitarangiye.
• Ishoramari ridasobanutse nimwe ridahinduka ryonyine, ariko nkigice cyikintu kimwe.

Ukurikije uburyo bwo gukoresha umutungo washoye, ishoramari rishobora kuba:

• Ishoramari ryibanze nishoramari rishya ryumutungo.
• Kongera gushora imari nishoramari ryumutungo wakiriwe mubyinjira mubushoramari bwambere. Hamwe no gushora imari, abashoramari bagera ku kwiyongera kwinshi kwinjiza mugihe gito.
• Disinvestment nugukuramo ishoramari ryashyizwe mbere, utarinze kuyikoresha.

Ukurikije uburyo bwa nyirubwite, ishoramari ryigenga ryamasosiyete n’abantu ku giti cyabo, na leta, kimwe no kuvanga ubu buryo bubiri. Imiterere imwe irashobora kuba mumahanga, kandi ishoramari ryibihugu byinshi byitwa guhuriza hamwe. Hariho ubwoko butandukanye bwishoramari – buri mwaka, amafaranga ava ateganijwe mugihe kimwe. Ingero ni amafaranga yubwishingizi na pansiyo. Ibyinshi muribi byiciro bikoreshwa mumagambo n’ibiranga mugihe usuzumye imishinga ishora imari – urutonde rwibikoresho byabashoramari nubwoko bwishoramari bikubiyemo urwego rwubukungu cyangwa urwego rwubucuruzi.

Uburyo bw’ishoramari

Ifishi iriho ni uburyo butandukanye bwubwoko bwishoramari. Kurugero, bagaragaza inyungu nimpamvu zishoramari:

• Ifishi ya Mercantile ifatwa nkubitsa kubwinyungu nini, nta mibereho nibindi bintu.
• Ishoramari mbonezamubano ntabwo ari ubucuruzi .
• Ishoramari rifatanije rikurikirana intego zifatika zabashoramari.

Uburyo bw’imari shoramari nabwo bwashyizwe mu byiciro:

• Kugaragaza ifaranga ry’ifishi mu kubitsa muri banki no mu mpapuro.
• Impapuro zifatika zirimo ubwoko bwimitungo itimukanwa niyimuka.
• Imiterere yumutungo nuburenganzira bwubwenge :
  • Uburenganzira bwubwenge bwubwanditsi, kumenya-uburyo, uburenganzira bwa patenti.
  • Uburenganzira bwo gukoresha umutungo kamere – amazi, ubutaka, gaze na peteroli, amabuye y’agaciro.
• Ifishi y’uburenganzira bw’amafaranga .

Hariho uburyo bwo gushora imari rusange:

• Gutanga inguzanyo zinyuranye no gutanga imisoro.
• Ishoramari rya leta ritaziguye.
• Uburyo bwo gushora imari mubigo bya leta.
• Imiterere yishoramari rya leta cyangwa imigabane ni annu nubukode.

Nkigisubizo, uburyo bwishoramari burambuye ubwoko bwishoramari muburyo bugaragara.

Ubwoko rusange nuburyo bwo gushora imari

Hariho ubwoko bwinshi bwishoramari, kandi muri buri bwoko ni ngombwa guhitamo ibintu byizewe byizewe. Birakenewe gushora imari, kugira ubuhanga bwo gushora imari, abajyanama babigize umwuga, no kugendana mubihe byubu. Muri icyo gihe, ni ngombwa gutandukanya kubitsa mu nshingano zitandukanye, kuko imikorere yishoramari itandukanye ihinduka mugihe.
Ingero zishoramari ryunguka cyane mumyaka itandukanye:

• 2001 – inyungu nyinshi zo kubitsa imitungo itimukanwa.
• 2014 – zahabu na Amerika byagarutse.
• 2020 – inyungu nyinshi muri Bitcoin no mu nyubako nshya.

Kubitsa muri banki

Ishoramari nk’iryo mu mabanki yo mu Burusiya nta ngaruka zishobora kubaho, hamwe na garanti ya Leta yo kubitsa. Ariko igipimo cyo kubitsa ntabwo buri gihe gikubiyemo ifaranga. Ubu ni inzira yizewe yo kuzigama amafaranga. Igihe cyiza cyo kubitsa.

Ububiko

Ubu ni bumwe muburyo bwunguka cyane bwishoramari, ariko hamwe nubuhanga buhanitse. Ugomba guhitamo imigabane yamasosiyete yizewe afite amahirwe yo gukura agera kuri 30% kumwaka cyangwa arenga. OZON ifite iterambere 100% mumyaka ibiri. Umugabane wa Polyus Gold, imigabane ya Yandex, imigabane ya Apple ifite inyungu nyinshi. Naho ku migabane y’amahanga, konti z’abakozi ku isoko ry’imigabane zahagaritswe by’agateganyo. Tugomba kwibuka ko ikibazo ari igihe cyamahirwe, kandi ishoramari nigikoresho cyo kuzigama no kongera amafaranga. Dore urugero rw’ubwiyongere bw’imigabane ya Sberbank mu kibazo cya 2008:
Ubwiyongere bw’imigabane ya Gazprom na Norilsk Nickel muri 2014:
Muri 2020, Gazprom na Nornickel nazo ziyongereyeho imigabane:
Ubwiyongere bw’imigabane y’amasosiyete yo mu Burusiya muri isoko irerekanwa ku ifoto:
Urugero rwibanze rwiterambere ryimigabane ni Google, imigabane yayo yazamutse inshuro 20 kuva 2004.

Ingwate

Ingwate ziva mubitanga binini byizewe zifite umushahara mwinshi, ariko uzana ingaruka. Umutekano kuruta inguzanyo za leta. Ntabwo bafite ingaruka, ariko hamwe ninjiza nke. Munsi yinguzanyo, umushoramari ahinduka inguzanyo yikigo cyangwa leta mugihe runaka no kuri gahunda runaka. Izi nishoramari ryigihe kirekire, iyo manda irangiye amafaranga yashowe ninyungu kubitsa aragaruka. Uyu ni umusanzu wizewe, ariko kurwego rwo gupfundika ifaranga.

Umutungo utimukanwa

Bikekwa ko ari ngombwa gushora imari hano mugihe cyiterambere ryiterambere rirambye ryubukungu, kuko imitungo itimukanwa igabanuka mugihe cyibibazo. Uku niko byagenze mu 2008. Ariko muri 2001 na 2020, mu Burusiya habaye ubwiyongere buhoraho mu kwinjiza amafaranga.

Amafaranga ya mutuelle

Amafaranga ya mutuelle akusanya ibizenga byabashoramari bashora imari mu mpapuro zinyuranye, ni ngombwa guhitamo neza no kugenzura ishoramari, urebye uko isoko ryifashe. Inyungu yakirwa nkijanisha ryumugabane. https://articles.opexflow.com/investments/birzhevye-paevye-investicionnye-fondy.htm

Amafaranga yagurishijwe

Izi ETF zirakwiriye kubatangiye kandi zitanga imishinga ishoramari hitawe kubipimo byisoko. Ibi ni ishoramari ryigihe gito, rishobora guteza ibyago byinshi hamwe nibishobora kugaruka cyane mugihe ibiciro byimutse umunsi wose. Urashobora kugabanya ingaruka uhitamo indangagaciro ngari.

Cryptocurrencies

Ishoramari ryigihe gito ritwara ibyago byinshi hamwe ninyungu nyinshi. Gushora amafaranga mumadolari ya crypto azana amafaranga yo kubitsa 15%. Birakwiye ko twibuka ko mumyaka yashize, Bitcoin yazamutseho 200% kumwaka. Mu bihugu bimwe, hariho amaherere yo guhindura cryptocurrencies mumafaranga. Mu bucuruzi bwa crypto, abashoramari barashobora kwinjiza kugeza 10% kumunsi.

Zahabu

Urashobora kugura ibimasa, cyangwa urashobora kugura zahabu ya ETF. Kuzamuka kwagaciro ka zahabu biratandukanye uko umwaka utashye, ariko nimwe mubishoramari bihamye mumateka yo kuzigama neza. Zahabu hafi buri gihe ntabwo itanga inyungu nyinshi, ariko ni ubwishingizi bwizewe.

Inyungu zingana

Bakunze kwitwa ibanga ryo gukira vuba. Inyungu zingana ninyungu ku ishoramari ku nyungu zishoramari ryambere. Amabanki afite ijambo “capitalisation” kuriyi. Mu bundi buryo, ibi byitwa inyungu zifatika kandi zihuriza hamwe, cyangwa inyungu ku nyungu, kimwe nigipimo cyinyungu, hitawe ku gushora imari no kuzirikana imari shingiro. Ni ngombwa ko inyungu zivanze zibarwa mugihe runaka ntabwo ziva kumafaranga yambere, ahubwo ziva mubizigame mugihe runaka. Biragaragara ko amafaranga yinjijwe yongewe ku mubare wambere, kandi yinjiza amafaranga yinyongera. Urugero rwerekanwa ku ifoto:

amafaranga

Igihe kinini, ubu bwari uburyo bwo kuzigama kububiko no kunguka. Ubu buryo bwabonye ibyago byinshi byo gutakaza. Ariko haracyari umukino ufite igipimo cyivunjisha ku ivunjisha, kandi nanone ufite ibyago byinshi. Ray Dalio yagize ati:

Igihe cyo gushora imari

Mubihe bitandukanye byishoramari, hari ingano zitandukanye zishoramari, ninzego zitandukanye zinyungu:

Ishoramari rirambye

Ishoramari nkiryo ryateguwe igihe kirekire, hamwe na gahunda zishoramari kugeza kumyaka 25. Muri byo harimo:

• Gukorana nububiko hamwe ninguzanyo zamasosiyete yizewe yizewe. Gufungura konti ya brokerage.
• Ishoramari mu musaruro.
• Kubaka amazu, kugura imitungo itimukanwa yo kugurisha no gukodesha.
• Kubona imashini n’ibikoresho.
• Zahabu yo kubungabunga.
• Imitako, ibiceri.
• Ishoramari uburezi.

Ishoramari ryigihe giciriritse

Urugero rwibyo kubitsa ni kubitsa muri banki, kubitsa muri zahabu, kugurisha amafaranga no kuvunja.

Ishoramari ryigihe gito

Harimo ishoramari muri MFIs, mutuelle, paki zivunjisha, kode y’amafaranga no kuvunjisha. Hariho inzira nyinshi nuburyo bwo gushora imari, kandi buri kimwe gikora neza mubihe runaka. Kugirango babikoreshe neza, birakenewe kunoza imyigishirize yishoramari, kwitoza gutandukanya imari itandukanye hamwe nishoramari ritandukanye ninyungu, no kwitoza gucunga neza ishoramari. Mugihe kimwe, kugirango ugaragaze igihe kirekire cyo guteganya ishoramari rirerire kugeza kumyaka 10-25.