Amafomu nezinhlobo zokutshalwa kwezimali: ukuhlukaniswa, ukukhetha kwethuluzi, ukutshalwa kwezimali okuqondile kwangempela, iphothifoliyo yezezimali, okuqagelayo, ukukhetha kwethuluzi lokutshala imali. Ezikhathini ezivamile zobunzima, abantu abavamile babhekana nokushoda kanye nokwehla kwenani lemali, ukulahlekelwa imithombo embalwa yemali engenayo, nokugeza ngokushesha ukonga, uma kukhona. Futhi abantu abakha iholo labo ngokuqaphela bevela emithonjeni eminingana babhekene nokuncipha kweminye yayo. Ochwepheshe ngaso sonke isikhathi, futhi ikakhulukazi ngesikhathi senhlekelele, ngokuqhubekayo nangokuvumelana nezimo, ukuqapha imakethe, babikezela futhi bakhethe izindlela ezisebenzayo zokutshala izimali kanye nokuqongelela imali engenayo ngokusekelwe ekuhlaziyeni okubanzi.

I-Essence kanye nezinqubo, izimfuneko zokutshala izimali

Ukutshalwa kwezimali kuthathwa njengokutshalwa kwezimali kukakheshi, izibambiso, impahla, impahla kanye namanye amalungelo ebhizinisini nasezintweni zebhizinisi ukuthola imali engenayo noma izabelo. Izinjongo zokutshalwa kwezimali yilezi:

1. Ukwakhiwa komholo wesibili noma impesheni, imali eyengeziwe neyisisekelo yokuphila, umndeni kanye nokuhamba.
2. Vikela imali engenayo kanye nokonga emalini yokwehla kwamandla emali nasezingcupheni zezezimali.
3. Ukuphatha imali ngendlela efanele ukuze kwakheke imali futhi ungene esimweni senkululeko yezezimali.

Izinga lemali engenayo yanamuhla yabantu liboniswa esithombeni:
Izimfuneko eziyinhloko zokutshalwa kwezimali okuphephile yizinqubo zokwehla kwamandla emali njalo ngonyaka (ukwehla kwenani lemali), ukweqa kwakho okubukhali ezinkingeni, nokuguquguquka okuvamile kwemakethe phakathi kwezindawo ezahlukene zokuxhasa ngezimali, nezingozi zezomnotho ezihambisanayo. Isibonelo, izintengo zezigaba ezithile zezimpahla eRussia engxenyeni yokuqala ka-2022 zikhuphuke ngo-30-40%. Ukwehla kwamandla emali e-US kufinyelele ku-8.6% – irekhodi leminyaka engu-40 edlule. Ukwanda kokuntuleka kwemisebenzi kanye nezikweletu zasebhange kunezelwa – ama-ruble angaphezu kwesigidintathu sezikweletu ezidlulelwe yisikhathi zamaRussia kumabhange. Kuphakathi nezikhathi ezinjalo lapho isidingo sokuthola ukuthi yini okufanele uyenze ngemali yakho kanye nempahla ehlukahlukene sibucayi kakhulu. Izimpahla zabantu ngabanye nezinkampani zihlanganisa ezazo impahla ezibalulekile kanye nemali ehlukahlukene: izindlu namafulethi, izimoto namathuluzi, izinto ezibonakalayo nezinsimbi eziyigugu, amadiphozithi ebhange, amalungelo okushicilela ahlukahlukene kanye namalungelo obunikazi. Umsebenzi wabatshalizimali enkingeni uwukwenza izimpahla ezizobhekana nokwehla kwamandla emali. Izinhlobo zezimpahla zotshalo-mali ezisebenzayo zihlanganisa:

• Amasheya namabhondi ezinkampani ezithembekile. Imakethe yamasheya.
• Ukuthengisa izindlu.
• Izinsimbi eziyigugu. Okokuqala, igolide.
• Ama-Cryptocurrencies.
• Utshalomali lwebhizinisi.
• Faka imali emfundweni yakho: ukuthola amakhono namakhono angenisa imali.
• Ukuhwebelana nokuhweba ngamasheya.

Ukutshalwa kwezimali kuwukutshalwa kwezimali kanye nezimpahla ezizosiza ukuvikela izimali nokuthola imali eyengeziwe. Khona-ke inkinga iba yinsiza kanye nethuba lokusiza ukukhiqiza imali engenayo kanye nezinzuzo. Indlela yokuphindaphinda impahla yakho, hhayi inkinga. Kubalulekile hhayi kuphela ukuthi ungayitshala kanjani futhi kuphi ngendlela efanele, kodwa nokuthi ungayiphatha kanjani kahle imali yakho.

Imali yokutshalwa kwezimali yizinto ezibonakalayo, ezobuhlakani kanye nezezimali. Ngomqondo wakudala, imali enkulu yiwo wonke amanani abonakalayo, okuhlanganisa izindlela zokukhiqiza. Ekuqondeni kokutshalwa kwezimali, izindlela zokukhiqiza izimpahla amathuluzi okutshala imali.

Ukuze kuphathwe ngendlela efanele imali, indaba yolwazi lwezezimali ibucayi. Ukwazi ngenzuzo yokutshalwa kwezimali, ngaphandle kokuyiqonda kahle, abaningi bangena ezinhlelweni zokukhwabanisa nama-pyramid schemes, lapho igama eliyisihluthulelo lihlala lithi “ukutshalwa kwezimali”. Phakathi nonyaka, amaRussia “anikeze” ama-ruble ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-13.5 kubakhwabanisi bezezimali. Isimo samanje ngezimali sidlalela ukufunda nokubhala kanye nokuhlaziywa kwezimo zezezimali. Isu lamashumi eminyaka ubudala “lokuhlala kumadola nama-euro” seliyekile ukusebenza, lezi zimali ezitshaliwe zehle izikhathi ezimbalwa ezinyangeni ezimbili. Ngokungafani noMongameli uBiden, owabikezela intengo yedola ngama-ruble angamakhulu amabili, usozigidigidi wotshalomali wase-US uRay Dalio ubiza udoti wemali futhi akancomi ukugcina ukonga kuyimali, ikakhulukazi ngezikhathi zobunzima. https://articles.opexflow.com/trading-training/ray-dalio.

Izigaba zezinhlobo zokutshalwa kwezimali

Kunezigaba ezimbalwa zethiyori zezinhlobo zokutshalwa kwezimali. Ngokwesigaba sezinto ezitshaliwe yilezi:

1. Ukutshalwa kwezimali okuqondile kwesikhathi eside kwangempela kwezimpahla ezibonakalayo nezingaphatheki ngendlela yemali engaguquki nesebenzayo, kanye nempahla yengqondo. Lena yindlela izimpahla ezingashintshi zamabhizinisi ezidalwa ngayo. Zihloselwe ukwandisa, ukuthuthukisa kanye nokuvuselela ukukhiqiza ngenzuzo ehlehlisiwe.
2. Ukutshalwa kwezimali kumaphothifoliyo kuholela ekwamukelweni okuqondile kwemali engenayo. Lokhu ukutshalwa kwezimali ngendlela yekusasa nezibambiso, ngendlela yamasheya, amabhondi nezibopho zezikweletu. Futhi ukutshalwa kwezimali kwezamabhizinisi, amaphrojekthi ezezimali kanye nokuqashisa. Imali engenayo evela ezintweni ezinjalo zokutshalwa kwezimali yenziwa izabelo ezivamile kanye nokwenyuka kwentengo uma kwenzeka zidayiswa.
3. Okuqagelayo – ukutshalwa kwezimali ngezinhlobo zemali nezinhlobo zezinsimbi eziyigugu.

Ngokwendlela abatshalizimali ababamba iqhaza ngayo ezinqubweni, eziqondile nezingaqondile nazo ziyahlukaniswa:

• Ukubamba iqhaza okuqondile komtshalizimali ekukhetheni into, umnikelo emalini yayo egunyaziwe, nokubamba iqhaza ekuphathweni kwento yokutshala imali.
• Ukubamba iqhaza okungaqondile ekutshalweni kwezimali ngokusebenzisa abaxhumanisi – izimali zokutshala izimali, ama-broker, abaxhumanisi bezezimali.

Okubalulekile ukuhlukaniswa kwezimali ngokwemibandela yokutshalwa kwezimali kwezimpahla:

• Ukutshalwa kwezimali kwesikhathi eside okuthatha iminyaka engaphezu kwemihlanu.
• Idiphozithi yesikhathi esimaphakathi kusukela onyakeni owodwa kuya kwemihlanu.
• Ukutshalwa kwezimali kwesikhathi esifushane isikhathi esingaphansi konyaka.

Enye inkomba ebalulekile yokutshalwa kwezimali izinga lemali engenayo:

• Ukutshalwa kwezimali kubhekwa njengenzuzo enkulu, imali engenayo edlula isilinganiso sembuyiselo emakethe yokutshala imali.
• Imbuyiselo emaphakathi ingutshalo-mali oluqhathaniseka nembuyiselo emaphakathi ekutshalweni kwezimali ezimakethe.
• Ukutshalwa kwezimali okunesivuno esincane kuwutshalomali oluletha imali engenayo ngaphansi kwemakethe.
• Ukutshalwa kwezimali okungenzi nzuzo ngaphandle kwenzuzo ehleliwe kufaka phakathi izinhlelo zezenhlalakahle, ezemvelo nezokunikela.

Incazelo ebalulekile yokutshalwa kwezimali kumtshali-zimali ukukuhlukanisa kuye ngokuthi inengozi engakanani yokutshalwa kwezimali:

• Ukutshalwa kwezimali okungenabungozi nemali engenayo eqinisekisiwe engu-100%. Lokhu kubandakanya imali efakwa emabhange kahulumeni kanye namabhondi kahulumeni.
• Ukutshalwa kwezimali okunengcuphe ephansi yilabo ingcuphe yabo yokulahlekelwa ingaphansi kwesilinganiso semakethe .
• Ukutshalwa kwezimali okunobungozi obumaphakathi yilokho okuqhathanisekayo engozini kwabanye emakethe.
• Ukutshalwa kwezimali okunobungozi obukhulu yilabo izinga labo lobungozi liphindaphinda ingozi yemakethe emaphakathi. Lokhu kubandakanya ukutshalwa kwezimali kumaphrojekthi aqagelayo anemali engenayo ephezulu kakhulu.

Isici esibalulekile ngokulinganayo se-investimenti imali yayo:

• I-investimenti ewuketshezi kakhulu inamathuluzi angaguqulelwa kalula futhi ngokushesha abe ngukheshi ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa ngentengo yemakethe.
• Ukutshalwa kwezimali okuwuketshezi okumaphakathi kubhekisela ezintweni ezingashintshwa kusukela ezinsukwini ezingu-30 kuye ezinyangeni eziyisithupha, ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa okukhulu kwenani.
• I-investment-liquidity encane ingase iguqulwe ibe ukheshi esikhathini esingaphansi kwezinyanga eziyisithupha. Ngokujwayelekile lezi yizinto ezaziwa kancane noma ezingaqediwe.
• I- investment engavumelekile yileyo engaguquleki iyodwa, kodwa njengengxenye yento evamile.

Ngokwendlela yokusebenzisa izimpahla ezitshaliwe, ukutshalwa kwezimali kungaba:

• Ukutshalwa kwezimali okuyinhloko ukutshalwa kwezimali okusha kwezimpahla.
• Ukutshalwa kabusha ukutshalwa kwezimali okuphindaphindiwe kwezimpahla ezitholwe emalini engenayo ye-investimenti yokuqala. Ngokutshalwa kabusha okunekhono, abatshalizimali bathola ukukhuphuka okuningi kwemali engenayo ngesikhathi esifushane.
• I- Disinvestment iwukuba ukukhishwa kwezimali ezitshaliwe ngaphambilini, ngaphandle kokuphinda zisetshenziswe.

Ngokohlobo lobunikazi, ukutshalwa kwezimali kuyimfihlo ezinkampanini nakubantu ngabanye, kanye nombuso, kanye nokuxutshwa kwalezi zinhlobo ezimbili. Amafomu afanayo angase abe angaphandle, futhi ukutshalwa kwezimali yizifunda eziningana kubizwa ngokuthi ukujoyina. Kukhona uhlobo oluhlukile lokutshalwa kwezimali – i-annuity, imali engenayo ehlelelwe izikhathi ezifanayo zesikhathi. Izibonelo umshwalense nezikhwama zempesheni. Iningi lalezi zigaba lisetshenziselwa amagama nezici lapho kucutshungulwa iphothifoliyo yokutshala imali – isethi yamathuluzi abatshalizimali kanye nezinhlobo zokutshalwa kwezimali ezihlanganisa imikhakha yezomnotho ehlukene noma imikhakha yebhizinisi.

Amafomu okutshala imali

Amafomu akhona ayizinkulumo ezihlukene zezinhlobo zokutshalwa kwezimali. Isibonelo, zibonisa izintshisekelo nezinjongo zokutshalwa kwezimali:

• Amafomu e- Mercantile abhekwa njengediphozithi yenzuzo enkulu, ngaphandle kwezenhlalo nezinye izici.
• Ukutshalwa kwezimali komphakathi akukona okokuhweba .
• Ukutshalwa kwezimali okuhlobene kuphishekela izinhloso zamasu zabatshalizimali.

Izinhlobo zempahla yemali yokutshalwa kwezimali nazo zihlukaniswa:

• Ukubonakaliswa kwezimali kwefomu kumadiphozithi asebhange nezibambiso.
• Amafomu wezinto ezibonakalayo ahlanganisa izinhlobo zezimpahla ezingagudluki nezisusekayo.
• Amafomu ezakhiwo kanye namalungelo obuhlakani :
  • Amalungelo engqondo obunikazi, ukwazi, amalungelo obunikazi.
  • Ilungelo lokusebenzisa imithombo yemvelo – amanzi, umhlaba, igesi namafutha, amaminerali.
• Ifomu lamalungelo ezezimali .

Kunezinhlobo zokutshala izimali zomphakathi:

• Ukuhlinzeka ngemalimboleko ekhethwayo kanye nezibonelelo zentela.
• Ukutshalwa kwesabelomali okuqondile kukahulumeni.
• Izinhlobo zokutshala izimali ezivela ezinkampanini zikahulumeni.
• Uhlobo lokutshalwa kwezimali kukahulumeni noma lwesitoko luyimali yonyaka kanye nerenti.

Ngenxa yalokho, izinhlobo zokutshalwa kwezimali ziningiliza ngezinhlobo zokutshalwa kwezimali ekubonakalisweni okuthile.

Izinhlobo ezivamile kanye nezinhlobo zokutshala izimali

Kunezinhlobo eziningi zokutshala izimali, futhi ohlotsheni ngalunye kuyadingeka ukukhetha izinto ezithembekile zokutshala izimali. Kuyadingeka ukutshala imali, ukuba namakhono okutshala imali, abeluleki abangochwepheshe, kanye nokuzulazula ezimeni zamanje. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, kubalulekile ukuhlukanisa idiphozithi kumaphothifoliyo ahlukene, ngoba ukuphumelela kokutshalwa kwezimali okuhlukene kuyashintsha ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.
Izibonelo zokutshalwa kwezimali okunenzuzo kakhulu eminyakeni ehlukene:

• 2001 – inzuzo ephezulu yediphozithi yezindlu.
• 2014 – igolide ne-US stock returns.
• 2020 – ukubuyisela okuphezulu e-Bitcoin nasezakhiweni ezintsha.

Imali efakwa ebhange

Ukutshalwa kwezimali okunjalo emabhange aseRussia akunabungozi, kunesiqinisekiso sombuso sediphozithi. Kodwa izinga lediphozithi alihlali limboza ukwehla kwamandla emali. Lena indlela ethembekile yokonga imali. Amadiphozi ethemu asebenza kakhulu.

Isitoko

Manje ingenye yezinhlobo zokutshalwa kwezimali ezinenzuzo engaguquki, kodwa ngezinga eliphezulu lobuchwepheshe. Kufanele ukhethe amasheya ezinkampani ezithembekile ezinamathemba okukhula afika ku-30% ngonyaka noma ngaphezulu. I-OZON inokukhula okungu-100% eminyakeni emibili. Amasheya e-Polyus Gold, amasheya e-Yandex, amasheya e-Apple anenzuzo enkulu. Futhi ngamasheya angaphandle, ama-akhawunti okuhweba ezimakethe zamasheya amisiwe okwesikhashana. Kumele kukhunjulwe ukuthi inhlekelele yisikhathi samathuba, futhi ukutshalwa kwezimali kuyithuluzi lokonga nokwandisa imali. Nasi isibonelo sokukhula kwamasheya e-Sberbank enkingeni ka-2008:
Ukukhula kwamasheya e-Gazprom kanye ne-Norilsk Nickel ngo-2014:
Ngo-2020, i-Gazprom ne-Nornickel nayo yaba nokwanda kwamasheya:
Ukukhula kwamasheya ezinkampani zaseRussia intwasahlobo iboniswa esithombeni:
Isibonelo esihle sokukhula kwesitoko okuzinzile yi-Google, isitoko sayo sikhuphuke izikhathi ezingu-20 kusukela ngo-2004.

Amabhondi

Amabhondi avela kubakhiphi abakhulu abathembekile anenkokhelo ephezulu, kodwa eza nengcuphe. Iphephe kunamabhondi kahulumeni. Azikho engozini, kodwa zineholo eliphansi. Ngaphansi kwamabhondi, umtshali-zimali uba ngumboleki wenkampani noma wesifunda isikhathi esithile kanye nohlelo oluthile. Lokhu ukutshalwa kwezimali kwesikhathi eside, ekupheleni kwesikhathi inani elitshaliwe kanye nenzalo yediphozithi kuyabuyiswa. Lona umnikelo onokwethenjelwa, kodwa ezingeni lokumboza ukwehla kwamandla emali.

Ukuthengisa izindlu

Kukholakala ukuthi kuyadingeka ukutshala imali lapha ngezikhathi zokuthuthukiswa komnotho okusimeme, ngoba izindlu ezithengiswayo ziwela emalini ngesikhathi sezinkinga. Lokhu kwaba njalo ngo-2008. Kepha ngo-2001 no-2020, kwaba nokukhula okuqhubekayo kwemali engenayo yediphozithi eRussia.

Izimali ezihlanganyelwe

Izimali ezihlanganyelwe ziqoqa inqwaba yabahlanganyeli ekutshalweni kwezimali okungenzi lutho ezibambiso ezihlukahlukene, kubalulekile ukwenza ukukhetha okufanele nokulawula ukutshalwa kwezimali, kucatshangelwa izitayela zemakethe. Izabelo zitholwa njengephesenti lesabelo sesheya. https://articles.opexflow.com/investments/birzhevye-paevye-investicionnye-fondy.htm

Izimali ezihwebayo

Lawa ma-ETF afanele abasaqalayo futhi anikezela ngamaphothifoliyo okutshalwa kwezimali acabangela izinkomba zemakethe. Lokhu ukutshalwa kwezimali kwesikhashana, okunobungozi obukhulu obunamandla okwenza inzuzo ephezulu uma amanani ehamba usuku lonke. Unganciphisa ubungozi ngokukhetha izinkomba ezibanzi.

Ama-Cryptocurrencies

Lokhu kutshalwa kwezimali kwesikhashana kuthwala ubungozi obukhulu ngembuyiselo ephezulu. Ukutshala imali kumadola e-crypto kuletha imali engenayo yediphozithi engu-15%. Kuyafaneleka ukukhumbula ukuthi eminyakeni yamuva, i-Bitcoin ikhule ngo-200% ngonyaka. Kwamanye amazwe, akhona amatheminali okuguqula ama-cryptocurrencies abe yimali. Ekuhwebeni kwe-crypto, abatshalizimali bangathola imali efinyelela ku-10% ngosuku.

Igolide

Ungathenga i-bullion, noma ungathenga igolide le-ETF. Ukukhuphuka kwenani legolide kuyahlukahluka unyaka nonyaka, kodwa kungenye yezimali ezizinzile emlandweni wokonga okuphephile. Igolide cishe njalo alihlinzeki ngembuyiselo ephezulu, kodwa liwumshuwalense oqinisekisiwe.

Inzalo ehlanganisiwe

Zivame ukubizwa ngokuthi imfihlo yokuceba ngokushesha. Inzalo eyinhlanganisela iyimbuyiselo ekutshalweni kwezimali kwimbuyiselo ekutshalweni kwezimali kwasekuqaleni. Amabhange anegama elithi “capitalization” lalokhu. Ngenye indlela, lokhu kubizwa ngokuthi inzalo ephumelelayo nehlanganisiwe, noma inzalo yenzalo, kanye nezinga lembuyiselo, kucatshangelwa ukutshalwa kabusha kwezimali futhi kucatshangelwa ukwenziwa kwezimali. Kubalulekile ukuthi inzalo ehlanganisiwe ibalwe ngezikhathi ezithile hhayi enanini eliyinhloko, kodwa kusukela ekongeni isikhathi esithile. Kuvela ukuthi imali engenayo yengezwa enanini lokuqala, futhi iphinde ikhiqize imali eyengeziwe. Isibonelo siboniswa esithombeni:

imali yemali

Isikhathi eside, lokhu bekuyindlela yakho kokubili ukonga kwesitolo kanye nenzuzo. Manje le ndlela ithole ingozi enkulu yokulahlekelwa. Kodwa kusasele umdlalo onamazinga okushintshaniswa kwezimakethe zamasheya, futhi futhi nobungozi obukhulu. URay Dalio uthi:

Isikhathi sokutshala imali

Ezinkathini ezihlukene zokutshalwa kwezimali, kunezinhlobo ezahlukene zokutshala izimali, namazinga ahlukene okwenza inzuzo:

Cha.	Umbandela wokuhlola	Ukutshalwa kwezimali kwesikhathi eside	Ukutshalwa kwezimali kwesikhathi esimaphakathi	Ukutshalwa kwezimali kwesikhathi esifushane
eyodwa	Inkokhelo	Kusukela onyakeni o-1 kuye eminyakeni emi-5 noma ngaphezulu	Kuze kube unyaka	Izinsuku nezinyanga
2	Izinga lesivuno	Isilinganiso	Isilinganiso	Phezulu
3	Ingozi	Ubuncane	Isilinganiso	Phezulu
ezine	Umkhawulo wokungena	Kudingeka imali enkulu	Isilinganiso	Encane
5	okuhle	Ukuthembeka nokuzinza	Ukuthembeka okuhlobene nokuzinza	Imali engenayo ephezulu nesheshayo
6	Amaminithi	Isikhathi eside kanye ne-threshold yokungena, imali engenayo emaphakathi	Ukubuyisela kancane	Izingozi ezinkulu

Ukutshalwa kwezimali kwesikhathi eside

Ukutshalwa kwezimali okunjalo kuklanyelwe isikhathi eside, nezinhlelo zokutshala imali ezifika eminyakeni engama-25. Lokhu kubandakanya:

• Ukusebenza namasheya namabhondi ezinkampani ezinoketshezi ezinokwethenjelwa. Ukuvula i-akhawunti ye-brokerage.
• Ukutshalwa kwezimali ekukhiqizeni.
• Ukwakhiwa kwezindlu, ukuthengwa kwezindlu ezithengiswayo futhi eziqashiswayo.
• Ukuthengwa kwemishini nemishini.
• Igolide ukuze ligcinwe.
• Ubucwebe, izinhlamvu zemali.
• Ukutshala imfundo yakho.

Ukutshalwa kwezimali kwesikhathi esimaphakathi

Isibonelo samadiphozithi anjalo amadiphozithi ebhange, amadiphozithi egolide, izimali ezihweba ngokuhwebelana kanye nezimali ezihlanganyelwe.

Ukutshalwa kwezimali kwesikhathi esifushane

Lokhu kufaka phakathi ukutshalwa kwezimali kuma-MFI, izimali ezihlanganyelwe, amaphakheji okushintshanisa, i-cryptocurrency kanye nokuthengiselana ngokushintshisana kwamanye amazwe. Ziningi izindlela nezindlela zokutshala imali, futhi ngayinye isebenza ngempumelelo ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile. Ukuze zisetshenziswe ngendlela efanele, kuyadingeka ukuthuthukisa imfundo yokutshalwa kwezimali, ukuzijwayeza ukuhlukahluka kwephothifoliyo yokutshalwa kwezimali ngemibandela ehlukene yokutshala izimali kanye nembuyiselo, nokuzijwayeza ukuphatha okusebenzayo kokutshalwa kwezimali. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ukuveza umkhathizwe wokuhlela ukutshalwa kwezimali kwesikhathi eside okufika eminyakeni eyi-10-25.