Mafomu nemhando dzekudyara: kupatsanura, sarudzo yechiridzwa, chaiyo yakananga mari, mari portfolio, fungidziro, sarudzo yekudyara chiridzwa. Munguva dzenguva zhinji dzenhamo, vanhuwo zvavo vakatarisana nekushomeka uye kudzikira kwemari, kurasikirwa kwemamwe masosi emari, uye kukurumidza kugezwa kwemari yekuchengetedza, kana iripo. Uye vanhu vanonyatsogadzira mari yavo kubva kune akati wandei masosi vakatarisana neiyo zeroing yevamwe vavo. Nyanzvi nguva dzose, uye kunyanya panguva yedambudziko, nguva dzose uye nekuchinjika kutarisa musika, kufanotaura uye kusarudza nzira dzinoshanda dzekudyara uye kuunganidza mari zvichienderana nekuongorora kwakakura.

Essence uye maitiro, zvinodiwa zvekudyara

Investment inoonekwa sekudyara kwemari, zvibatiso, zvivakwa, zvivakwa uye dzimwe kodzero mune zvebhizinesi uye zvebhizinesi zvinhu kuti uwane mari kana migove. Zvinangwa zve Investment ndezvi:

1. Kusikwa kwechipiri muhoro kana penjeni, yekuwedzera uye yakakosha mari yehupenyu, mhuri uye kufamba.
2. Chengetedza mari uye mari kubva kuinflation uye njodzi dzemari.
3. Kutarisira mari kwakaringana kugadzira capital uye kufamba mune yekusununguka kwemari.

Chiyero chemari yanhasi yehuwandu inoratidzwa mumufananidzo:
Chinhu chikuru chinodiwa pakudyara kwakachengeteka maitiro ekugara kweinflation yegore negore (kuderera kwemari), kusvetuka kwayo kwakanyanya mumatambudziko, uye kushanduka kwemusika nguva dzose pakati penzvimbo dzakasiyana dzemari, nenjodzi dzehupfumi dzinoenderana. Semuenzaniso, mitengo yemamwe mapoka ezvigadzirwa muRussia kwehafu yekutanga ya2022 yakawedzera ne30-40%. Inflation muUS yakasvika 8.6% – rekodhi yemakore makumi mana apfuura. Kuwedzera kwekushaikwa kwemabasa uye zvikwereti zvebhangi zvinowedzerwa – anopfuura trillion rubles ezvikwereti zvakapfuura zvevaRussia kumabhangi. Iri panguva dzakadai apo kudiwa kwekuona zvekuita nemari yako uye zvakasiyana siyana zvinhu zvakanyanya kuoma. Zvinhu zvevanhu uye makambani zvinosanganisira pfuma yavo yakakosha uye mari mune dzakasiyana siyana: dzimba nedzimba, mota nemidziyo, zviwanikwa uye simbi dzinokosha, madhipoziti ebhangi, kodzero dzakasiyana siyana uye patents. Basa revanoisa mari mudambudziko nderekugadzira midziyo inovhara inflation. Mhando dzezvinhu zvinobudirira zvekudyara dzinosanganisira:

• Zvikamu uye zvisungo zvemakambani akavimbika. Stock market.
• Musha.
• Masimbi anokosha. Chekutanga, goridhe.
• Cryptocurrencies.
• Bhizinesi mari.
• Chengetedza mari mudzidzo yako: kuwana hunyanzvi uye kugona izvo zvinounza mari.
• Exchange uye kutengeserana kwemari.

Investment ndeyekudyara uye midziyo inozobatsira kuchengetedza mari uye kuwana imwe mari. Ipapo dambudziko rinova chitubu uye mukana wekubatsira kuburitsa mari uye migove. Nzira yekuwedzera zvinhu zvako, kwete dambudziko. Izvo zvakakosha kwete chete kuti sei uye kupi kwekudyara nemazvo, asiwo maitiro ekuita zvakanaka capital yako.

Investment capital ndeye zvinhu, zvenjere uye zvemari nzira. Mupfungwa yechinyakare, capital is all material values, kusanganisira nzira dzekugadzira. Mukunzwisisa kwekudyara, nzira dzekugadzira zvinhu midziyo yekudyara.

Kuti hutungamiriri hwemari hunoshanda, nyaya yeruzivo rwezvemari yakaoma. Kuziva nezve purofiti yekudyara, pasina kuvanzwisisa zvine hunyanzvi, vazhinji vanopinda muzvirongwa zvehunyengeri uye zvirongwa zvepiramidhi, uko izwi rakakosha rinogara riri “investment”. Mugore, maRussia “akapa” 13.5 bhiriyoni rubles kune scammers zvemari. Mamiriro ezvinhu aripo nemari inotamba mukufarira kuverenga uye kuongorora mamiriro emari. Nzira yemakumi emakore ye “kugara pamadhora nemaeuro” yamira kushanda, mari iyi yakadzikira kakawanda mumwedzi miviri. Kusiyana neMutungamiriri weBiden, uyo akafanotaura mutengo wedhora remazana maviri rubles, US bhirioni wekudyara Ray Dalio anodana marara emari uye haakurudzire kuchengetedza mari, kunyanya munguva dzenhamo. https://articles.opexflow.com/trading-training/ray-dalio.

Zvikamu zvemhando dzekudyara

Kune akati wandei theoretical classifications einvestment marudzi. Nechikamu chekudyara zvinhu ndezvi:

1. Real-refu-refu- investments yakananga yezvinhu zvinobatika uye zvisingabatike muchimiro cheiyo yakagadziriswa uye yekushanda capital, pamwe chete nepfuma yenjere. Aya ndiwo magadzirirwo akaitwa zvinhu zvakagadziriswa zvemabhizinesi. Izvo zvine chinangwa chekuwedzera, kuvandudza uye kugadzirisa kugadzirwa nepurofiti yakamisikidzwa.
2. Mari yekudyara mari inotungamira kune yakananga kuwana mari. Aya ma investimendi muchimiro cheramangwana uye chengetedzo, muchimiro chemasheya, mabhondi uye zvisungo zvechikwereti. Zvakare kudyara mubhizinesi, mapurojekiti emari uye kurojesa. Mari inowanikwa kubva kuzvinhu zvekudyara zvakadaro inoumbwa nezvikamu zvenguva dzose uye kuwedzera kwemutengo kana vatengeswa.
3. Kufungidzira – kuisirwa mari mumari nemhando dzesimbi dzinokosha.

Zvinoenderana nemabatiro anotora chikamu mumatanho, akananga uye asina kunanga anosiyaniswa zvakare:

• Kutora chikamu kwakananga kwemuridzi mukusarudza kwechinhu, mupiro kune yayo yakatenderwa capital, uye kutora chikamu mukutungamira kwechinhu chekudyara.
• Kubatanidzwa kusiri kwakananga mukudyara kuburikidza nevamiriri – mari yekudyara, mabroker, varairidzi vezvemari.

Chakakosha kurongeka kwekudyara zvinoenderana nematemu ekudyara kwezvinhu:

• Kudyara kwenguva refu kunotora makore anopfuura mashanu.
• Medium-term deposits kubva kune rimwe kusvika kune makore mashanu.
• Short-term investments kwenguva isingasviki gore.

Chimwe chiratidzo chakakosha chekudyara chiyero chemari yavo:

• Investments inoonekwa seine pundutso yakanyanya, iyo mari inowanikwa inodarika avhareji yekudzoka pamusika wekudyara.
• Avhareji inodzoka mari inofananidzwa neavhareji yekudzoka pakudyara mumusika.
• Low -goho investments investment inounza mari pasi pemusika.
• Mari isina purofiti isina purofiti yakarongwa inosanganisira zvemagariro, zvakatipoteredza uye zvirongwa zvekubatsira.

Tsanangudzo yakakosha yekudyara kune investor ndeyekuiisa maererano nehuwandu hwekudyara njodzi yainayo:

• Risk -isina investimendi ine 100% inovimbiswa mari. Izvi zvinosanganisira madhipoziti mumabhanga ehurumende nemabhondi ehurumende.
• Mari ine njodzi yakaderera ndeavo vane njodzi yekurasikirwa yakaderera pane avhareji yemusika .
• Kudyara kwepakati-nenjodzi ndeiyo inofananidzwa munjodzi kune vamwe pamusika.
• High-risk investments ndeavo vane dhigirii renjodzi yakawandisa yeavhareji yemusika njodzi. Izvi zvinosanganisira mari mumapurojekiti ekufungidzira ane mari yepamusoro inobvira.

Hunhu hwakakosha zvakaenzana hwekudyara mari imari yayo:

• Mari yakanyanya mvura ine zviridzwa zvinogona nyore uye nekukurumidza kushandurwa kuita mari pasina kurasikirwa mumutengo wemusika.
• Medium liquid investment inoreva zvinhu zvinogona kushandurwa kubva pamazuva makumi matatu kusvika kumwedzi mitanhatu, pasina kurasikirwa kukuru mumutengo.
• Mari yakaderera-mvura inogona kushandurwa kuita mari mukati memwedzi isingasviki mitanhatu. Kazhinji izvi zvinhu zvinozivikanwa zvishoma kana zvisina kupera.
• Illiquid investimendi ndiyo isingashanduke yega, asi sechikamu chechinhu chakajairika.

Zvinoenderana nemaitiro ekushandisa zvakaiswa mari, mari inogona kuve:

• Iyo yekutanga investimendi mari itsva yeassets.
• Reinvestment ndiko kudzokororwa kwekudyara kwezvinhu zvakagamuchirwa kubva mumari yekudyara kwekutanga. Nekudzoreredza kwakakodzera, vatengesi vanowana kuwedzera kwakawanda kwemari munguva pfupi.
• Disinvestment ndiko kubviswa kwemari yakamboiswa, pasina kuishandisa zvakare.

Zvinoenderana nechimiro chemuridzi, mari yekudyara ndeyakavanzika kubva kumakambani nevanhu, uye nyika, pamwe nekusanganiswa kweaya mafomu maviri. Mafomu mamwe chete anogona kunge ari ekunze, uye kudyara nematunhu akati wandei kunonzi kubatana. Kune rumwe rudzi rwekudyara – annuity, mari inowanikwa kubva iyo inorongerwa yunifomu nguva dzenguva. Mienzaniso iinishuwarenzi nemari yepenjeni. Mazhinji emhando idzi anoshandiswa setemu uye hunhu kana uchifunga nezvekudyara mapotifoliyo – seti yezviridzwa zvevaridzi uye mhando dzekudyara dzinovhara dzakasiyana siyana dzehupfumi kana zvikamu zvebhizinesi.

Mafomu ekutsvaga mari

Mafomu aripo maitiro akasiyana emhando dzekudyara. Semuenzaniso, vanoratidza zvido uye zvinangwa zvekudyara:

• Mercantile mafomu anoonekwa semadhipoziti ekuwedzera purofiti, pasina magariro uye zvimwe zvinhu.
• Social investments is non -commercial.
• Kudyara kwakabatana kunoteedzera zvinangwa zvevanoisa mari.

Iwo emhando dzemhando dzekudyara capital akaiswa zvakare:

• Kuratidza mari yefomu mumabhengi deposits uye securities.
• Mafomu echishandiso anosanganisira marudzi emidziyo isingafambiki uye inofambiswa.
• Mafomu emidziyo uye kodzero dzenjere :
  • Kodzero dzenjere dzeunyori, kuziva-sei, kodzero dzepatent.
  • Kodzero yekushandisa zviwanikwa – mvura, ivhu, gasi neoiri, zvicherwa.
• Fomu rekodzero dzemari .

Kune nzira dzeruzhinji mari:

• Kupa zvikwereti zvakasarudzwa uye mutero wekukurudzira.
• Yakananga mari yebhajeti yehurumende.
• Mafomu ekudyara kubva kumakambani ehurumende.
• Chimiro chenyika kana chekudyara kwemasheya ndeye annuity uye rendi.

Nekuda kweizvozvo, mafomu ekudyara anotsanangura marudzi ekudyara mune chaiwo maratidziro.

Mhando dzakajairika uye mafomu ekudyara

Kune akawanda marudzi ekudyara, uye mumhando yega yega zvakakosha kusarudza zvakavimbika zvekudyara zvinhu. Izvo zvinodikanwa kuisa mari, kuve nehunyanzvi hwekudyara, nyanzvi dzekupa mazano, uye kufamba mumamiriro azvino. Panguva imwecheteyo, zvakakosha kusiyanisa madhipoziti mumapotfolio akasiyana, nekuti kushanda kwekudyara kwakasiyana kunoshanduka nekufamba kwenguva.
Mienzaniso yekudyara kwakanyanya kunobatsira mumakore akasiyana:

• 2001 – purofiti yakanyanya yezvivakwa deposits.
• 2014 – goridhe uye US stock inodzoka.
• 2020 – kudzoka kwakanyanya muBitcoin uye muzvivakwa zvitsva.

Bank deposits

Kudyara kwakadaro mumabhangi eRussia hakuna njodzi, ine vimbiso yenyika yedhipoziti. Asi dhipoziti haiwanzovharidzi inflation. Iyi inzira yakavimbika yekuchengetedza mari. Iyo inonyanya kushanda izwi deposits.

Stock

Ikozvino ndiyo imwe yemhando dzinogara dziine pundutso dzekudyara, asi nehupamhi hwehunyanzvi. Iwe unofanirwa kusarudza masheya emakambani akavimbika ane tarisiro yekukura inosvika makumi matatu muzana pagore kana kupfuura. OZON ine 100% kukura mumakore maviri. Polyus Gold shares, Yandex shares, Apple migove ine mibairo mikuru. Uye kune masheya ekunze, maakaundi ebrokerage pamasheya akavharwa kwenguva pfupi. Zvinofanira kuyeukwa kuti dambudziko inguva yemukana, uye mari yekudyara chishandiso chekuchengetedza nekuwedzera mari. Heino muenzaniso wekukura kwezvikamu zveSberbank mumatambudziko e2008:
Kukura kwezvikamu zveGazprom neNorilsk Nickel muna 2014:
Muna 2020, Gazprom neNornickel vakave nekuwedzera kwezvikamu:
Kukura kwezvikamu zvemakambani eRussia spring inoratidzwa mumufananidzo:
Muenzaniso mukuru wekukura kwakasimba kwestock iGoogle, iyo stock yayo yakakwira ka20 kubva 2004.

Zvisungo

Mabhondi kubva kune anovimbika makuru ekupa ane yakakwira payouts, asi huya nenjodzi. Yakachengeteka kupfuura zvisungo zvehurumende. Havana njodzi, asi nemari shoma. Pasi pezvisungo, mutengesi anova mukwereti wekambani kana nyika kune imwe nguva uye kune imwe chirongwa. Aya ndiwo ekudyara kwenguva refu, pakupera kwenguva iyo mari yakasimwa uye mhindu padhipoziti inodzoswa. Uyu mupiro wakavimbika, asi pamwero wekuvhara inflation.

Musha

Zvinotendwa kuti zvakakosha kuisa mari pano panguva dzekusimudzira hupfumi, nekuti real estate inowira mune liquidity panguva yematambudziko. Izvi ndizvo zvakaitika muna 2008. Asi muna 2001 na2020, pakanga paine kukura kwakasimba kwemari yedhipoziti muRussia.

Mutual funds

Mari yekudyidzana inounganidza madziva evatori vechikamu mukudyara kwepasirese mune dzakasiyana chengetedzo, zvakakosha kuita sarudzo chaiyo uye kutonga mari, uchifunga nezvemusika maitiro. Migove inogamuchirwa sechikamu chechikamu chemugove wemugove. https://articles.opexflow.com/investments/birzhevye-paevye-investicionnye-fondy.htm

Exchange-kutengesa mari

Aya ma ETF akakodzera kune vanotanga uye anopa mari yekudyara iyo inofunga nezvemaindisi emusika. Aya ndeenguva pfupi, ane njodzi huru ine mukana wekudzoka kwakakwirira kana mitengo ichifamba zuva rese. Iwe unogona kuderedza njodzi nekusarudza yakakura indexes.

Cryptocurrencies

Iyi mari yenguva pfupi yekudyara inotakura njodzi huru ine kudzoka kwakanyanya. Kuisa mari mu crypto madhora kunounza mari yedhipoziti ye15%. Zvakakosha kuyeuka kuti mumakore achangopfuura, Bitcoin yakakura ne200% pagore. Mune dzimwe nyika, kune zviteshi zvekushandura cryptocurrencies kuita mari. Mukutengesa kwecrypto, vanoisa mari vanogona kuwana kusvika gumi muzana pazuva.

Ndarama

Unogona kutenga bullion, kana unogona kutenga ETF goridhe. Kukwira kwekukosha kwegoridhe kunosiyana gore negore, asi ndeimwe yekudyara kwakasimba munhoroondo yekuchengetedza zvakachengeteka. Ndarama inenge nguva dzose haipe kudzoka kwakakwirira, asi inshuwarisi yakavimbiswa.

Compound interest

Vanowanzonzi chakavanzika chekupfuma nekukurumidza. Compound mhindu ndiyo kudzoka pakudyara pakudzoka pamari yekutanga. Mabhangi ane izwi rekuti “capitalization” pane izvi. Neimwe nzira, izvi zvinodaidzwa kuti mubereko unoshanda uye wakaumbwa, kana kufarira pane mubereko, pamwe nechiyero chekudzoka, uchifunga nezve reinvestment uye uchifunga capitalization. Zvakakosha kuti mubereko wekomboni uverengerwe pane dzimwe nguva kwete kubva pamari yekutanga, asi kubva pakuchengetedza kweimwe nguva. Zvinoitika kuti mari inogadzirwa inowedzerwa kune yekutanga mari, uye zvakare inoburitsa imwe mari. Muenzaniso unoratidzwa mumufananidzo:

mari yemari

Kwenguva refu, iyi yaive nzira kune zvese zvekuchengetedza kuchengetedza uye kuita purofiti. Iye zvino nzira iyi yakawana njodzi yakakura yekurasikirwa. Asi kuchine mutambo une mareti ekutsinhana pamastock exchange, uye zvakare nenjodzi huru. Ray Dalio akati:

Nguva yekudyara

Kwenguva dzakasiyana dzekudyara, kune akasiyana mavhoriyamu ekudyara, uye nhanho dzakasiyana dzemhindu:

Aihwa.	Evaluation criterion	Kudyara kwenguva refu	Mari yepakati penguva	Short term investment
Poshi	Payback	Kubva pa1 gore kusvika pamakore mashanu kana kupfuura	Kusvika pagore	Mazuva nemwedzi
2	Goho level	Avhareji	Avhareji	High
3	Ngozi	Minimum	Avhareji	High
ina	Chikumbaridzo chekupinda	Inoda capital capital	Avhareji	Diki
5	zvakanakira	Kuvimbika uye kugadzikana	Kuvimbika uye kugadzikana	Mari yepamusoro uye inokurumidza
6	Minuses	Nguva refu uye yekupinda chikumbaridzo, avhareji mari	Slow payback	Ngozi huru

Kudyara kwenguva refu

Kudyara kwakadaro kwakagadzirirwa kwenguva yakareba, nehurongwa hwekudyara hunosvika makore makumi maviri nemashanu. Izvi zvinosanganisira:

• Kushanda nemasheya uye mabhondi emakambani akavimbika emvura. Kuvhura account yebrokerage.
• Investment mukugadzira.
• Kuvaka dzimba, kutora zvivakwa zvekutengesa nekurojesa.
• Kutorwa kwemichina nemidziyo.
• Ndarama yekuchengetedza.
• Zvishongo, mari.
• Investment yega dzidzo.

Medium term investments

Muenzaniso wemadhipoziti akadai madhipoziti ebhangi, madhipoziti mugoridhe, mari yekuchinjana-yekutengesa uye mutual funds.

Short term investments

Izvi zvinosanganisira kudyara muMFIs, mutual fund, mapakeji ekuchinjana, cryptocurrency uye kutengeserana kwekunze. Kune nzira dzakawanda uye mafomu ekudyara, uye imwe neimwe inoshanda zvinobudirira mune mamwe mamiriro. Nekushandisa kwavo kwakaringana, zvinodikanwa kuvandudza dzidzo yekudyara, kudzidzira mari yekudyara mapotifoliyo akasiyana siyana mazwi ekudyara uye kudzoka, uye kudzidzira inoshingaira manejimendi manejimendi. Panguva imwecheteyo, kurondedzera yenguva refu yekudyara kuronga horizon inosvika 10-25 makore.