Iifom kunye neentlobo zotyalo-mali: ukuhlelwa, ukhetho lwesixhobo, utyalo-mali oluthe ngqo, ipotfoliyo yezemali, ingqikelelo, ukhetho lwesixhobo sotyalo-mali. Ngamaxesha amaninzi eentlekele, abantu abaqhelekileyo bajongene nokunqongophala kunye nokuhla kwexabiso lemali, ukulahlekelwa yimithombo embalwa yengeniso, kunye nokuhlamba ngokukhawuleza ukonga, ukuba kukho. Kwaye abantu abenza ingeniso yabo ngononophelo bevela kwimithombo emininzi bajongana ne-zeroing yezinye zazo. Iingcali zihlala, ngakumbi ngexesha lobunzima, ngokuqhubekayo nangokuguquguqukayo ukubeka iliso kwimarike, baqikelela kwaye bakhethe iindlela ezisebenzayo zotyalo-mali kunye nokuqokelela umvuzo ngokusekelwe kuhlalutyo olubanzi.

Undoqo kunye neendlela, iimfuno zotyalo-mali

Utyalo-mali luthathwa njengotyalo-mali lwekheshi, izibambiso, ipropathi, ipropathi namanye amalungelo kwizinto zoshishino kunye nezoshishino ukufumana ingeniso okanye izabelo. Iinjongo zotyalo-mali zezi:

1. Ukudala umvuzo wesibini okanye umhlalaphantsi, umvuzo owongezelelweyo kunye nesiseko sobomi, intsapho kunye nokuhamba.
2. Ukukhusela ingeniso kunye nokonga kwixabiso lentengo kunye neengozi zemali.
3. Ulawulo lwemali olululo ukudala inkunzi kwaye ungene kwimeko yenkululeko yezemali.

Inqanaba lomvuzo wanamhlanje wabemi libonakaliswa kwifoto:
Iimfuno eziphambili zotyalo-mali olukhuselekileyo ziinkqubo zokunyuka kwamaxabiso onyaka rhoqo (ukuhla kwexabiso lemali), ukutsiba kwayo okubukhali kwiingxaki, kunye nokuguquguquka rhoqo kweemarike phakathi kwemimandla eyahlukeneyo yenkxaso-mali, kunye nemingcipheko yezoqoqosho ehambelana nayo. Ngokomzekelo, amaxabiso kwiindidi ezithile zeempahla eRashiya kwisiqingatha sokuqala sika-2022 inyuke ngama-30-40%. Ukunyuka kwamaxabiso e-US kwafikelela kwi-8.6% – irekhodi kwiminyaka engama-40 edlulileyo. Ukonyuka kwentswela-ngqesho kunye namatyala ebhanki ayongezwa – ngaphezu kwe-trillion ye-ruble yamatyala aphelelwe lixesha amaRashiya kwiibhanki. Kungamaxesha anjalo apho imfuneko yokuqonda ukuba wenze ntoni ngemali yakho kunye neempahla ezahlukeneyo zexabiso libukhali kakhulu. Ii-asethi zabantu kunye neenkampani zibandakanya ezabo iipropathi ezixabisekileyo kunye nemali eyimali ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo: izindlu kunye namagumbi, izithuthi kunye nezixhobo, izixhobo eziphathekayo kunye neentsimbi ezixabisekileyo, iidiphozithi zebhanki, amalungelo okushicilela ahlukeneyo kunye namalungelo awodwa omenzi wechiza. Umsebenzi wabatyali-mali kwingxaki kukudala ii-asethi eziza kuhlawulela ukunyuka kwamaxabiso. Iindidi zee-asethi zotyalo-mali ezisebenzayo ziquka:

• Izabelo kunye neebhondi zeenkampani ezithembekileyo. Imakethi yesitokhwe.
• Izindlu ezithengiswayo.
• Iintsimbi ezixabisekileyo. Okokuqala, igolide.
• Iimali zemali.
• Utyalo-mali lweshishini.
• Tyala kwimfundo yakho: ukufumana izakhono kunye nezakhono ezivelisa umvuzo.
• Utshintshiselwano kunye norhwebo lwempahla.

Utyalo-mali lutyalo-mali kunye nee-asethi eziya kunceda ukukhusela imali kunye nokufumana ingeniso eyongezelelweyo. Emva koko intlekele iba ngumthombo kunye nethuba lokunceda ukuvelisa ingeniso kunye nezabelo. Indlela yokuphinda-phinda impahla yakho, hayi ingxaki. Akubalulekanga kuphela indlela kunye nendawo yokutyala ngokuchanekileyo, kodwa nendlela yokulawula ngokufanelekileyo inkunzi yakho.

Inkunzi yotyalo-mali zizinto eziphathekayo, zobukrelekrele nezemali. Ngokwengqiqo yakudala, imali eyinkunzi ngawo onke amaxabiso ezinto eziphathekayo, kuquka neendlela zokuvelisa. Kwingqiqo yotyalo-mali, iindlela zokuvelisa iimpahla zizixhobo zotyalo-mali.

Kulawulo olusebenzayo lwekhapitali, umba wolwazi lwezemali unzima. Ukwazi malunga nenzuzo yotyalo-mali, ngaphandle kokuqonda ngokufanelekileyo, abaninzi bangena kwiinkqubo zobuqhetseba kunye nezicwangciso zeepiramidi, apho igama eliphambili lihlala “lutyalo-mali”. Ebudeni bonyaka, amaRashiya “anike” i-ruble ye-13.5 yeebhiliyoni kwii-scammers zemali. Imeko yangoku ngeemali idlala ngokuthanda ukufunda nokubhala kunye nohlalutyo lweemeko zemali. Isicwangciso seminyaka engamashumi eminyaka “sokuhlala kwiidola kunye nee-euro” siyekile ukusebenza, olu tyalo-mali luye lwehla amaxesha amaninzi kwiinyanga ezimbini. Ngokungafaniyo noMongameli uBiden, owaxela kwangaphambili ixabiso ledola ngamakhulu amabini eeruble, usomashishini wotyalo-mali wase-US uRay Dalio ubiza inkunkuma eyimali kwaye akacebisi ukugcina imali eyimali, ngakumbi ngamaxesha obunzima. https://articles.opexflow.com/trading-training/ray-dalio.

Ukuhlelwa kweentlobo zotyalo-mali

Kukho ukuhlelwa kweethiyori ezininzi kwiindidi zotyalo-mali. Ngoluhlu lwezinto zotyalo-mali zezi:

1. Utyalo-mali oluthe ngqo lwexesha elide lwee-asethi ezibonakalayo nezingaphathekiyo ngohlobo lwenkunzi esisigxina nesebenzayo, kunye nepropathi enomgangatho ophezulu wokuqonda. Le yindlela eyenziwa ngayo ii-asethi ezisisigxina zamashishini. Zijolise ekwandiseni, ekuphuculeni nasekuhlaziyeni imveliso ngeenzuzo ezirhoxisiweyo.
2. Utyalo-mali lwepotfoliyo yezemali lukhokelela ekufumaneni ingeniso ngokuthe ngqo. Olu lutyalo-mali ngendlela yexesha elizayo kunye nezibambiso, ngendlela yesitokhwe, iibhondi kunye nezibophelelo zetyala. Kwakhona utyalo-mali kushishino, iiprojekthi zemali kunye nokuqeshisa. Ingeniso evela kwizinto ezinjalo zotyalo-mali zenziwe ngezabelo eziqhelekileyo kunye nokunyuka kwexabiso kwimeko yokuthengisa kwabo.
3. Ukuqikelelwa – utyalo-mali kwiimali kunye neentlobo zeentsimbi ezixabisekileyo.

Ngokwendlela abatyali-mali abathatha inxaxheba ngayo kwiinkqubo, ezithe ngqo nezingathanga ngqo nazo zahlulwa:

• Ukuthatha inxaxheba ngokuthe ngqo komtyali-mali ekukhethweni kwento, igalelo kwinkunzi yayo egunyazisiweyo, kunye nokuthatha inxaxheba kulawulo lwento yotyalo-mali.
• Ukuthatha inxaxheba ngokungathanga ngqo kutyalo-mali ngokusebenzisa abalamli – iimali zotyalo-mali, ii-brokers, abacebisi bezemali.

Okubalulekileyo luhlelo lotyalo-mali ngokwemigaqo yotyalo-mali lwempahla yexabiso:

• Utyalo -mali lwexesha elide luhlala ngaphezulu kweminyaka emihlanu.
• Iidipozithi zexesha eliphakathi ukusuka kunyaka omnye ukuya kwemihlanu.
• Utyalo -mali lwexeshana elifutshane ixesha elingaphantsi konyaka.

Esinye isalathisi esibalulekileyo sotyalo-mali linqanaba lomvuzo wabo:

• Utyalo -mali lubonwa njengengeniso ephezulu, ingeniso engaphezulu kwembuyekezo eqhelekileyo kwimarike yotyalo-mali.
• Imbuyekezo engumndilili lutyalo-mali oluthelekiseka nembuyekezo eqhelekileyo kutyalo-mali kwimarike.
• Utyalo-mali olunemveliso ephantsi lutyalo-mali oluzisa ingeniso ngaphantsi kwemarike.
• Utyalo -mali olungenzi nzuzo ngaphandle kwengeniso ecwangcisiweyo lubandakanya iinkqubo zentlalo, indalo esingqongileyo kunye nesisa.

Inkcazo ebalulekileyo yotyalo-mali kumtyali-mali kukuhlela ngokobungakanani bomngcipheko wotyalo-mali olunawo:

• Utyalo -mali olungenamngcipheko kunye nomvuzo oqinisekisiweyo we-100%. Oku kuquka iidiphozithi kwiibhanki zikarhulumente kunye neebhondi zikarhulumente.
• Utyalo -mali olunomngcipheko ophantsi ngabo banomngcipheko welahleko ongaphantsi komndilili wemarike .
• Utyalo -mali olusemngciphekweni ophakathi lolo luthelekiseka kumngcipheko kwabanye kwimarike.
• Utyalo -mali olusemngciphekweni ophezulu lolo iqondo lomngcipheko liphinda-phinda lomyinge womngcipheko wemarike. Oku kubandakanya utyalo-mali kwiiprojekthi eziqikelelwayo ezinengeniso ephezulu enokwenzeka.

Uphawu olubalulekileyo ngokulinganayo kutyalo-mali kukungabi namali lwayo:

• Utyalo-mali olumanzi kakhulu lunezixhobo ezinokuguqulelwa ngokulula kwaye ngokukhawuleza zibe yimali ngaphandle kwelahleko kwixabiso lemarike.
• Utyalo-mali oluphakathi lolwelo lubhekiselele kwizinto ezinokuguqulwa ukusuka kwiintsuku ezingama-30 ukuya kwiinyanga ezintandathu, ngaphandle kwelahleko enkulu kwixabiso.
• Utyalo -mali olunobutywala obuphantsi lunokuguqulwa lube yimali kwisithuba esingaphantsi kweenyanga ezintandathu. Ngokuqhelekileyo ezi zizinto ezingaziwayo okanye ezingagqitywanga.
• Utyalo-mali olungekho mthethweni lolo olungaguqulekiyo ngokwalo, kodwa njengenxalenye yento eqhelekileyo.

Ngokwendlela yokusebenzisa ii-asethi ezityaliwe, utyalo-mali lunokuba:

• Utyalo-mali oluphambili lutyalo-mali olutsha kwii-asethi.
• Utyalo -mali ngokutsha lutyalo-mali oluphindaphindiweyo lwee-asethi ezifunyenwe kwingeniso yotyalo-mali lokuqala. Ngokuphinda utyalo-mali olufanelekileyo, abatyali-mali bafezekisa ukwanda okuphindaphindiweyo kwingeniso ngexesha elifutshane.
• Ukukhutshwa kotyalo -mali kukutsalwa kotyalo -mali obelubekwe ngaphambili, ngaphandle kokuphinda lusetyenziswe.

Ngokwendlela yobunini, utyalo-mali lubucala kwiinkampani kunye nabantu, kunye nombuso, kunye nokuxutywa kwezi ntlobo zimbini. Iifomu ezifanayo zinokuba zangaphandle, kwaye utyalo-mali oluvela kumazwe amaninzi lubizwa ngokuba yi-joint. Kukho uhlobo olwahlukileyo lotyalo-mali – i-annuity, ingeniso ecetywayo ngexesha elifanayo lexesha. Imizekelo yi-inshorensi kunye neengxowa-mali zomhlalaphantsi. Uninzi lwezi zigaba zisetyenziselwa isigama kunye neempawu xa kuqwalaselwa iipotifoliyo zotyalo-mali – iseti yezixhobo zotyalo-mali kunye neentlobo zotyalo-mali ezibandakanya amanqanaba oqoqosho ahlukeneyo okanye amacandelo oshishino.

Iifomu zotyalo-mali

Iifom esele zikhona ziindlela ezahlukeneyo zokubonakaliswa kweentlobo zotyalo-mali. Umzekelo, zibonisa umdla kunye neenjongo zotyalo-mali:

• Iifom ze- Mercantile zibhekwa njengeediphozithi zenzuzo enkulu, ngaphandle kwentlalo kunye neminye imiba.
• Utyalo-mali lwezentlalo ayilorhwebo .
• Utyalo -mali olunxulumeneyo lulandela iinjongo ezicwangcisiweyo zabatyali-mali.

Iintlobo zezinto eziphathekayo zenkunzi yotyalo-mali nazo zihlelwe:

• Inkcazo yemali yefomu kwiidiphozithi zebhanki kunye nezibambiso.
• Iifom zezinto eziphathekayo ziquka iindidi zee-asethi ezingenakususwa kunye nezishenxisekayo.
• Iifomu zepropathi kunye namalungelo obukrelekrele :
  • Amalungelo obukrelekrele bombhali, ukwazi njani, amalungelo patent.
  • Ilungelo lokusebenzisa ubutyebi bendalo – amanzi, umhlaba, igesi neoli, izimbiwa.
• Ifomu yamalungelo emali .

Kukho iindlela zotyalo-mali lukawonke-wonke:

• Ukubonelela ngeemali-mboleko ezikhethekileyo kunye nenkuthazo yerhafu.
• Utyalo-mali oluthe ngqo kuhlahlo lwabiwo-mali lukarhulumente.
• Iindlela zotyalo-mali ezisuka kwiinkampani zikarhulumente.
• Uhlobo lotyalo-mali lukarhulumente okanye lwesitokhwe yi-annuity kunye nerenti.

Ngenxa yoko, iifom zotyalo-mali zineenkcukacha zeentlobo zotyalo-mali kwiimpawu ezithile.

Iintlobo eziqhelekileyo kunye neendlela zotyalo-mali

Kukho iintlobo ezininzi zotyalo-mali, kwaye kuhlobo ngalunye kuyimfuneko ukukhetha izinto ezithembekileyo zotyalo-mali. Kuyimfuneko ukutyala, ukuba nezakhono zotyalo-mali, abacebisi abaziingcali, kunye nokuhamba ngeemeko zangoku. Kwangaxeshanye, kubalulekile ukwahlula iidiphozithi kwiiphothifoliyo ezahlukeneyo, kuba ukusebenza kotyalo-mali olwahlukeneyo kuyatshintsha ngokuhamba kwexesha.
Imizekelo yolona tyalo-mali lunenzuzo kwiminyaka eyahlukeneyo:

• I-2001 – inzuzo ephezulu yeediphozithi zendawo.
• I-2014 – igolide kunye ne-US stock returns.
• I-2020 – imbuyekezo ephezulu kwiBitcoin nakwizakhiwo ezitsha.

Iidipozithi zebhanki

Utyalo-mali olunjalo kwiibhanki zaseRashiya alukho umngcipheko, kunye nesiqinisekiso sombuso sediphozithi. Kodwa idipozithi ayisoloko igubungela ukunyuka kwamaxabiso. Le yindlela ethembekileyo yokugcina imali. Eyona ndlela isebenzayo idipozithi.

Isitokhwe

Ngoku yenye yezona ntlobo zotyalo-mali ezinenzuzo kakhulu, kodwa ngezinga eliphezulu lobuchule. Kufuneka ukhethe amasheya eenkampani ezithembekileyo ezinamathuba okukhula ukuya kuthi ga kwi-30% ngonyaka okanye ngaphezulu. I-OZON ine-100% yokukhula kwiminyaka emibini. Izabelo zePolyus Gold, izabelo zeYandex, izabelo ze-Apple zineenzuzo ezinkulu. Kwaye kwizabelo zangaphandle, ii-akhawunti ze-brokerage kwi-stock exchanges zaye zamiswa okwethutyana. Kufuneka kukhunjulwe ukuba ingxaki lixesha lamathuba, kwaye utyalo-mali sisixhobo sokulondoloza nokunyusa imali. Nanku umzekelo wokukhula kwezabelo ze-Sberbank kwintlekele ka-2008:
Ukukhula kwezabelo ze-Gazprom kunye ne-Norilsk Nickel ngo-2014:
Ngo-2020, i-Gazprom kunye ne-Nornickel yaba nokunyuka kwezabelo:
Ukukhula kwezabelo zeenkampani zaseRashiya intwasahlobo iboniswe kwisithombe:
Umzekelo obalaseleyo wokukhula okuzinzileyo kwesitoko nguGoogle, isitokhwe sakhe sinyuke amaxesha angama-20 ukusukela ngo-2004.

Iibhondi

Iibhondi ezivela kubaniki abakhulu abathembekileyo zineentlawulo eziphezulu, kodwa ziza nomngcipheko. Ikhuselekile kunebhondi zikarhulumente. Azinabungozi, kodwa zinengeniso ephantsi. Ngaphantsi kweebhondi, umtyali-mali uba ngumboleki wenkampani okanye urhulumente ixesha elithile kunye nenkqubo ethile. Olu lutyalo-mali lwexesha elide, ekupheleni kwexesha imali etyaliweyo kunye nenzala kwidiphozithi iyabuyiswa. Lo ngumnikelo othembekileyo, kodwa kwinqanaba lokugubungela ukunyuka kwamaxabiso.

Izindlu ezithengiswayo

Kukholelwa ukuba kuyimfuneko ukutyalomali apha ngexesha lophuhliso loqoqosho oluzinzileyo, kuba i-real estate iwela kwi-liquidity ngexesha leentlekele. Oku kwaba njalo ngo-2008. Kodwa ngo-2001 kunye no-2020, kwakukho ukukhula okuqhubekayo kwingeniso yediphozithi eRashiya.

Iimali ezifanayo

Iimali ezihlangeneyo ziqokelela iiphuli zabathathi-nxaxheba kwi-investment-investment kwi-securities ezahlukeneyo, kubalulekile ukwenza ukhetho olufanelekileyo kunye nokulawula utyalo-mali, kuthathelwa ingqalelo iindlela zeemarike. Izahlulo zifunyanwa njengepesenti yesabelo sesabelo. https://articles.opexflow.com/investments/birzhevye-paevye-investicionnye-fondy.htm

Iimali ezithengiswayo

Ezi ETF zifanelekile kubaqalayo kwaye zibonelela ngeepotifoliyo zotyalo-mali ezithathela ingqalelo izalathisi zemarike. Olu lutyalo-mali lwexeshana elifutshane, olunomngcipheko omkhulu olunokuba nembuyekezo ephezulu xa amaxabiso ehamba imini yonke. Unokunciphisa umngcipheko ngokukhetha izalathisi ezibanzi.

Iimali zemali

Olu tyalo-mali lwexeshana elifutshane luthwele imingcipheko ephezulu enembuyekezo ephezulu. Ukutshala imali kwi-crypto dollar kuzisa ingeniso yediphozithi ye-15%. Kufanelekile ukukhumbula ukuba kwiminyaka yakutshanje, i-Bitcoin ikhule nge-200% ngonyaka. Kwamanye amazwe, kukho iitheminali zokuguqula ii-cryptocurrencies zibe yimali. Kwintengiso ye-crypto, abatyali-mali banokufumana ukuya kuthi ga kwi-10% ngosuku.

Igolide

Unokuthenga i-bullion, okanye ungathenga igolide ye-ETF. Ukunyuka kwexabiso legolide kuyahluka unyaka nonyaka, kodwa yenye yotyalo-mali oluzinzile kwimbali yogcino olukhuselekileyo. Igolide phantse ayisoloko ibonelela ngembuyekezo ephezulu, kodwa yi-inshurensi eqinisekisiweyo.

Inzala edibeneyo

Badla ngokubizwa ngokuba yimfihlelo yokuba sisityebi ngokukhawuleza. Inzala edityanisiweyo yimbuyekezo kutyalo-mali kwimbuyekezo yotyalo-mali lokuqala. Iibhanki zinegama elithi “capitalisation” kule nto. Ngenye indlela, oku kubizwa ngokuba yinzala esebenzayo kunye nehlanganisiweyo, okanye inzala kwinzala, kunye nezinga lembuyekezo, kuthathelwa ingqalelo utyalo-mali kunye nokuthathela ingqalelo i-capitalization. Kubalulekile ukuba inzala ehlanganisiweyo ibalwe ngamaxesha athile hayi kwisixa-mali sokuqala, kodwa kulondolozo lwexesha elithile. Kuvela ukuba ingeniso efunyenweyo yongezwa kwisixa sokuqala, kwaye iphinda ivelise ingeniso eyongezelelweyo. Umzekelo uboniswa kwifoto:

imali yemali

Kwangexesha elide, le yayiyindlela yogcino lwevenkile kunye nenzuzo. Ngoku le ndlela ifumene umngcipheko omkhulu wokulahlekelwa. Kodwa kusekho umdlalo onamaxabiso otshintshiselwano kwistock exchanges, kunye nomngcipheko omkhulu. URay Dalio wathi:

Ixesha lotyalo-mali

Kumaxesha ahlukeneyo otyalo-mali, kukho imiqulu eyahlukeneyo yotyalo-mali, kunye namanqanaba ahlukeneyo okwenza inzuzo:

Hayi.	Ikhrayitheriya yovavanyo	Utyalo-mali lwexesha elide	Utyalo-mali lwexesha eliphakathi	Utyalo-mali lwexesha elifutshane
Nye	imbuyekezo	Ukususela kunyaka-1 ukuya kwiminyaka emi-5 okanye ngaphezulu	Ukuya kutsho kunyaka	Iintsuku neenyanga
2	Inqanaba lesivuno	I-avareji	I-avareji	Phezulu
3	Umngcipheko	Ubuncinane	I-avareji	Phezulu
ezine	Umda wokungena	Kufuneka inkunzi enkulu	I-avareji	Incinci
5	iinzuzo	Ukuthembeka kunye nokuzinza	Ukuthembeka okuhambelanayo kunye nokuzinza	Umvuzo ophezulu kunye nokhawulezayo
6	imizuzu	Ixesha elide kunye nomda wokungena, umvuzo ophakathi	Intlawulo ecothayo	Iingozi ezinkulu

Utyalo-mali lwexesha elide

Utyalo-mali olunjalo luyilelwe ixesha elide, kunye neenkqubo zotyalo-mali ukuya kuthi ga kwiminyaka engama-25. Ezi ziquka:

• Ukusebenza kunye nezitokhwe kunye neebhondi zeenkampani ezithembekileyo zamanzi. Ukuvula i-akhawunti ye-brokerage.
• Utyalo-mali kwimveliso.
• Ukwakhiwa kwezindlu, ukufunyanwa kwezindlu ezithengiswayo kunye nokuqeshwa.
• Ukufunyanwa koomatshini kunye nezixhobo.
• Igolide yokugcina.
• Ubucwebe, iingqekembe.
• Imfundo yotyalo-mali eyeyakho.

Utyalo-mali lwexesha eliphakathi

Umzekelo weediphozithi ezinjalo zidiphozithi zebhanki, iidiphozithi zegolide, iimali ezitshintshiselwayo kunye neengxowa-mali ezifanayo.

Utyalo-mali lwexesha elifutshane

Oku kubandakanya utyalo-mali kwii-MFIs, iimali ezihlangeneyo, iipakethe zokutshintshiselana, i-cryptocurrency kunye neentengiselwano zotshintshiselwano lwangaphandle. Kukho iindlela ezininzi kunye neendlela zotyalo-mali, kwaye nganye isebenza ngokufanelekileyo phantsi kweemeko ezithile. Ukuze zisetyenziswe ngendlela eyiyo, kuyafuneka ukuba kuphuculwe imfundo yotyalo-mali, ukuziqhelanisa neentlobo ngeentlobo zeepotfoliyo zotyalo-mali ezinemiqathango eyahlukeneyo yotyalo-mali kunye nembuyekezo, kunye nokuziqhelanisa nolawulo lotyalo-mali olusebenzayo. Kwangaxeshanye, ukuchaza i-horizon yesicwangciso sotyalo-mali ixesha elide ukuya kuthi ga kwi-10-25 iminyaka.