Mefuta le mefuta ea matsete: ho hlophisoa, khetho ea sesebelisoa, matsete a tobileng, potefolio ea lichelete, khopolo-taba, khetho ea sesebelisoa sa matsete. Linakong tsa mathata khafetsa, batho ba tloaelehileng ba tobane le khaello le ho theoha ha chelete, ho lahleheloa ke mehloli e seng mekae ea chelete, le ho hlatsuoa ka potlako ha chelete, haeba ho le joalo. ‘Me batho ba etsang chelete ka hloko ho tsoa mehloling e mengata ba tobane le ho fokotseha ha tse ling tsa tsona. Litsebi kamehla, haholo-holo nakong ea tlokotsi, li beha leihlo ‘maraka ka mokhoa o sa khaotseng le ka mokhoa o bonolo, li bolela esale pele le ho khetha mekhoa e sebetsang ea ho tsetela le ho bokella chelete e kenang ho latela tlhahlobo e pharaletseng.

Essence le mekhoa, litlhoko tsa matsete

Matsete a nkoa e le matsete a chelete, matšeliso, thepa, thepa le litokelo tse ling linthong tsa khoebo le tsa khoebo ho fumana chelete kapa likabelo. Lipheo tsa matsete ke:

1. Pōpo ea moputso oa bobeli kapa penshene, chelete e eketsehileng le ea motheo bakeng sa bophelo, lelapa le maeto.
2. Sireletsa chelete le chelete ho tsoa ho inflation le likotsi tsa lichelete.
3. Tsamaiso e nepahetseng ea chelete ho theha chelete le ho fallela boemong ba tokoloho ea lichelete.

Boemo ba chelete ea kajeno ea baahi bo bonahala setšoantšong:
Litlhoko tse ka sehloohong tsa matsete a bolokehileng ke mekhoa ea ho theoha ha theko ea selemo le selemo (ho theoha ha chelete), ho qhoma ho matla ho kena mathateng, le ho fetoha ha ‘maraka khafetsa pakeng tsa libaka tse fapaneng tsa lichelete, tse nang le likotsi tsa moruo tse tsamaellanang. Mohlala, litheko tsa mekhahlelo e itseng ea thepa Russia halofo ea pele ea 2022 e eketsehile ka 30-40%. Theko ea lichelete United States e fihlile ho 8.6% – tlaleho ea lilemo tse 40 tse fetileng. Keketseho ea ho hloka mosebetsi le mekoloto ea banka e eketsoa – li-ruble tse fetang trilione e le ‘ngoe tsa mekoloto e fetelletseng ea Marussia libankeng. Ke linakong tse joalo moo tlhoko ea ho tseba hore na u etse eng ka chelete ea hau le matlotlo a fapaneng e leng matla haholo. Thepa ea batho ka bomong le lik’hamphani e kenyelletsa thepa ea bona ea bohlokoa le chelete ka mefuta e fapaneng: matlo le lifolete, likoloi le lisebelisoa, lisebelisoa le litšepe tsa bohlokoa, li-deposit tsa banka, litokelo tse fapaneng tsa litokelo le litokelo tsa molao. Mosebetsi oa bo-ramatsete bothateng ke ho theha matlotlo a tla koahela inflation. Mefuta ea matlotlo a sebetsang a matsete a kenyelletsa:

• Likabelo le li-bond tsa lik’hamphani tse tšepahalang. Mmaraka oa setoko.
• Thekiso ea matlo.
• Litšepe tsa bohlokoa. Pele ho tsohle, khauta.
• Lichelete tsa lichelete.
• Matsete a khoebo.
• Tsetela thutong ea hau: ho fumana litsebo le bokhoni bo hlahisang chelete.
• Phapanyetsano le khoebo ea thepa.

Matsete ke matsete le matlotlo a tla thusa ho sireletsa lichelete le ho fumana chelete e eketsehileng. Ebe koluoa ​​​​e fetoha mohloli le monyetla oa ho thusa ho hlahisa chelete le meputso. Mokhoa oa ho atisa thepa ea hau, eseng bothata. Ha ho bohlokoa feela hore na u ka tsetela joang le hore na u ka tsetela kae ka nepo, empa hape le mokhoa oa ho laola chelete ea hau hantle.

Chelete ea matsete ke mekhoa ea lintho tse bonahalang, ea bohlale le ea lichelete. Ka kutloisiso ea khale, capital ke boleng bohle ba lintho tse bonahalang, ho kenyelletsa le mokhoa oa tlhahiso. Ka kutloisiso ea matsete, mekhoa ea ho hlahisa thepa ke lisebelisoa tsa matsete.

Bakeng sa tsamaiso e ntle ea lichelete, taba ea tsebo ea lichelete e bohloko. Ho tseba ka phaello ea matsete, ntle le ho ba utloisisa ka mokhoa o nepahetseng, ba bangata ba kena mererong ea bolotsana le merero ea piramide, moo lentsoe la bohlokoa le lulang le le “matsete”. Nakong ea selemo, Marussia a ile a “fa” li-ruble tse limilione tse likete tse 13,5 ho basomi ba lichelete. Boemo ba hona joale ka lichelete bo bapala molemong oa ho bala le ho hlahloba maemo a lichelete. Leano la lilemo tse mashome la “ho lula ka lidolara le li-euro” le khaolitse ho sebetsa, matsete ana a theohile ka makhetlo a ‘maloa ka likhoeli tse peli. Ho fapana le Mopresidente Biden, ea ileng a bolela esale pele theko ea dolara bakeng sa li-ruble tse makholo a mabeli, bilione ea matsete a Amerika Ray Dalio o bitsa lithōle tsa chelete mme ha a khothaletse ho boloka chelete ka chelete, haholo-holo linakong tsa tlokotsi. https://articles.opexflow.com/trading-training/ray-dalio.

Lihlopha tsa mefuta ea matsete

Ho na le likarolo tse ‘maloa tsa theory tsa mefuta ea matsete. Ho ea ka sehlopha sa lintho tsa matsete ke:

1. Matsete a ‘nete a nako e telele a matlotlo a bonahalang le a sa tšoareheng ka mokhoa oa chelete e tsitsitseng le e sebetsang, hammoho le thepa ea bohlale. Ena ke tsela eo thepa e tsitsitseng ea likhoebo e thehoang ka eona. Li reretsoe ho holisa, ho ntlafatsa le ho nchafatsa tlhahiso ka liphaello tse chechisitsoeng morao.
2. Matsete a potefolio ea lichelete a lebisa ho receipt e tobileng ea chelete. Tsena ke matsete ka mokhoa oa bokamoso le li-securities, ka mokhoa oa li-stock, li-bond le likoloto tsa likoloto. Hape matsete a khoebo, merero ea lichelete le ho hirisoa. Chelete e tsoang linthong tse joalo tsa matsete e entsoe ka likhaello tse tloaelehileng le ho eketseha ha theko ha li rekisoa.
3. Ho nahanoa – matsete a lichelete le mefuta ea lirafshoa tsa bohlokoa.

Ho latela tsela eo batseteli ba nkang karolo lits’ebetsong, tse tobileng le tse sa tobang le tsona lia khetholloa:

• Ho kenya letsoho ka ho toba ha motseteli khethong ea ntho, tlatsetso ho motse-moholo oa eona o lumelletsoeng, le ho kenya letsoho taolong ea ntho ea matsete.
• Ho kenya letsoho ka tsela e sa tobang matsete ka li-intermediaries – lichelete tsa matsete, barekisi, baeletsi ba lichelete.

Ntho ea bohlokoa ke ho aroloa ha matsete ho latela dipehelo tsa matsete a thepa:

• Matsete a nako e telele a nka lilemo tse fetang tse hlano.
• Li-deposit tsa nako e mahareng ho tloha ho selemo se le seng ho isa ho tse hlano.
• Matsete a nakoana a nako e ka tlase ho selemo.

Sesupo se seng sa bohlokoa sa matsete ke boemo ba moputso oa bona:

• Matsete a nkoa e le a bohlokoa haholo, chelete e kenang ho feta palo e tloaelehileng ea ho khutlela ‘marakeng oa matsete.
• Karolelano ea meputso ke matsete a ka bapisoang le phaello e tloaelehileng ea matsete ‘marakeng.
• Matsete a fanang ka tlhahiso e tlase ke matsete a tlisang chelete e ka tlase ho ‘maraka.
• Matsete a sa etse phaello ntle le phaello e reriloeng a kenyelletsa mananeo a sechaba, a tikoloho le a liphallelo.

Tlhaloso ea bohlokoa ea letsete bakeng sa motseteli ke ho e arola ho latela hore na e na le kotsi e kae:

• Matsete a se nang kotsi ka chelete e netefalitsoeng ea 100%. Tsena li kenyelletsa li-deposit libankeng tsa mmuso le li-bond tsa mmuso.
• Matsete a kotsi e tlase ke bao kotsi ea bona ea tahlehelo e leng tlase ho feta karolelano ea ‘maraka .
• Matsete a kotsi a mahareng ke a ka bapisoang le kotsi ho ba bang ‘marakeng.
• Matsete a kotsi haholo ke ao boemo ba bona ba kotsi e leng bongata ba kotsi e tloaelehileng ea ‘maraka. Tsena li kenyelletsa matsete a merero e inahaneloang e nang le lekeno le phahameng ka ho fetisisa.

Litšobotsi tsa bohlokoa ka ho ts’oanang tsa letsete ke boleng ba eona:

• Letsete le nang le metsi a mangata le na le lisebelisoa tse ka fetoloang habonolo le ka potlako ho ba chelete ntle le tahlehelo ea theko ea ‘maraka.
• Matsete a metsi a mahareng a bolela lintho tse ka fetoloang ho tloha matsatsing a 30 ho isa ho likhoeli tse tšeletseng, ntle le tahlehelo e kholo ea theko.
• Peeletso ea boleng bo tlase e ka fetoloa chelete ka nako e ka tlase ho likhoeli tse tšeletseng. Hangata tsena ke lintho tse sa tsejoeng kapa tse sa phethoang.
• Matsete a seng molaong ke a sa fetoheng a le mong, empa e le karolo ea ntho e tloaelehileng feela.

Ho latela mokhoa oa ho sebelisa matlotlo a tsetelitsoeng, matsete e ka ba:

• Matsete a mantlha ke matsete a macha a matlotlo.
• Peeletso ke matsete a pheta-phetoang a matlotlo a amohetsoeng ho tsoa lekenong la matsete a mantlha. Ka puseletso e nang le bokhoni, batseteli ba fihlella keketseho e ngata ea chelete ka nako e khuts’oane.
• Disinvestment ke ho ntša matsete a neng a behiloe pele, ntle le ho a sebelisa hape.

Ho latela mofuta oa beng, matsete ke a poraefete ho tsoa ho lik’hamphani le batho ka bomong, le mmuso, hammoho le ho tsoaka mefuta ena e ‘meli. Mefuta e tšoanang e ka ba kantle ho naha, ‘me matsete a linaha tse’ maloa a bitsoa kopanelo. Ho na le mofuta o fapaneng oa matsete – annuity, chelete e kenang e reriloeng bakeng sa linako tse fapaneng tsa nako. Mehlala ke inshorense le lichelete tsa penshene. Boholo ba lihlopha tsena li sebelisoa bakeng sa mantsoe le litšoaneleho ha ho nahanoa ka li-portfolio tsa matsete – sete sa lisebelisoa tsa batseteli le mefuta ea matsete e koahelang mekhahlelo e fapaneng ea moruo kapa mafapha a khoebo.

Mefuta ea matsete

Mefuta e teng hona joale ke litlhaloso tse fapaneng tsa mefuta ea matsete. Mohlala, li bonts’a lithahasello le sepheo sa matsete:

• Mefuta ea Mercantile e nkoa e le li-deposit bakeng sa phaello e ngata, ntle le likarolo tsa sechaba le tse ling.
• Matsete a sechaba ha a na khoebo .
• Matsete a amanang a phehella merero ea maano a bo-ramatsete.

Mefuta ea thepa ea capital capital e boetse e arotsoe:

• Polelo ea chelete ea foromo ho li-depositi tsa banka le li-securities.
• Mefuta ea thepa e kenyelletsa mefuta ea thepa e ke keng ea sutha le e suthang.
• Mefuta ea thepa le litokelo tsa bohlale :
  • Litokelo tsa kelello tsa bongoli, tsebo, litokelo tsa patent.
  • Tokelo ea ho sebelisa mehloli ea tlhaho – metsi, mobu, khase le oli, liminerale.
• Foromo ea litokelo tsa lichelete .

Ho na le mefuta ea matsete a sechaba:

• Ho fana ka likalimo tse khethehileng le likhothaletso tsa lekhetho.
• Matsete a lichelete a ‘muso ka kotloloho.
• Mefuta ea matsete a tsoang ho likhamphani tsa mmuso.
• Mofuta oa matsete a mmuso kapa a stock ke annuity le rente.

Ka lebaka leo, mefuta ea matsete e qaqisa mefuta ea matsete ka lipontšo tse itseng.

Mefuta e tloaelehileng le mefuta ea matsete

Ho na le mefuta e mengata ea matsete, ‘me ka mofuta o mong le o mong ho hlokahala ho khetha lintho tse ka tšeptjoang tsa matsete. Hoa hlokahala ho tsetela, ho ba le litsebo tsa ho tsetela, baeletsi ba litsebi, le ho tsamaea maemong a hajoale. Ka nako e ts’oanang, ho bohlokoa ho fapanyetsana li-deposit ho li-portfolio tse fapaneng, hobane katleho ea matsete a fapaneng e fetoha ha nako e ntse e ea. Mehlala ea matsete a nang le phaello e ngata lilemong tse fapaneng:

• 2001 – phaello e phahameng ea li-deposit tsa thekiso ea matlo.
• 2014 – khauta le US stock returns.
• 2020 – phaello e phahameng ho Bitcoin le meahong e mecha.

Lichelete tsa banka

Matsete a joalo a libanka tsa Russia ha a na kotsi, a na le tiisetso ea mmuso ea depositi. Empa sekhahla sa depositi ha se kamehla se koahelang inflation. Ena ke mokhoa o tšepahalang oa ho boloka chelete. Li-depositi tse sebetsang ka ho fetesisa.

Stock

Hona joale ke e ‘ngoe ea mefuta ea matsete e nang le phaello e tsitsitseng, empa e nang le tsebo e phahameng. U lokela ho khetha metšoasong ea lik’hamphani tse tšepahalang tse nang le tebello ea kholo ea ho fihla ho 30% ka selemo kapa ho feta. OZON e na le kholo ea 100% ka lilemo tse peli. Likabelo tsa Polyus Gold, likarolo tsa Yandex, likarolo tsa Apple li na le phaello e kholo. ‘Me bakeng sa likabelo tsa kantle ho naha, liakhaonto tsa barekisi liphapanyetsanong tsa setoko li ile tsa emisoa ka nakoana. Ho lokela ho hopoloa hore tlokotsi ke nako ea monyetla, ‘me matsete ke sesebelisoa sa ho boloka le ho eketsa chelete. Mona ke mohlala oa kholo ea likarolo tsa Sberbank maqakabetsing a 2008:
Keketseho ea likarolo tsa Gazprom le Norilsk Nickel ka 2014:
Ka 2020, Gazprom le Nornickel le tsona li bile le keketseho ea likarolo:
Kholo ea likarolo tsa lik’hamphani tsa Russia ho selemo se bontšoa setšoantšong:
Mohlala oa mantlha oa kholo e tsitsitseng ea setoko ke Google, eo stock ea eona e nyolohileng ka makhetlo a 20 ho tloha ka 2004.

Litlamo

Li-bond tse tsoang ho barekisi ba kholo ba tšepahalang li na le litefo tse phahameng, empa li tla ka kotsi. E bolokehile ho feta libonto tsa mmuso. Ha ba na kotsi, empa ba na le chelete e tlaase. Tlas’a litlamo, motseteli e ba moalimi oa k’hamphani kapa naha ka nako e itseng le bakeng sa lenaneo le itseng. Tsena ke matsete a nako e telele, qetellong ea nako chelete e tsetelitsoeng le tsoala ho depositi lia khutlisoa. Ena ke monehelo o ka tšeptjoang, empa boemong ba ho koahela theko ea lichelete.

Thekiso ea matlo

Ho lumeloa hore hoa hlokahala ho kenya chelete mona nakong ea tsoelo-pele e tsitsitseng ea moruo, hobane thekiso ea matlo e oela nakong ea mathata. Ho bile joalo ka 2008. Empa ka 2001 le 2020, ho bile le kholo e tsitsitseng ea chelete ea depositi Russia.

Lichelete tse kopanetsoeng

Lichelete tse kopanetsoeng li bokella matamo a barupeluoa matsete a sa sebetseng litsing tse fapaneng, ho bohlokoa ho etsa khetho e nepahetseng le ho laola matsete, ho nahanela mekhoa ea ‘maraka. Likabelo li amoheloa e le peresente ea karolo ea kabelo. https://articles.opexflow.com/investments/birzhevye-paevye-investicionnye-fondy.htm

Chelete e rekisoang ka phapanyetsano

Li-ETF tsena li loketse ba qalang mme li fana ka li-portfolio tsa matsete tse nkang lintlha tsa ‘maraka. Tsena ke matsete a nakoana, a kotsi haholo a nang le monyetla oa ho fumana phaello e phahameng ha litheko li tsamaea letsatsi lohle. O ka fokotsa kotsi ka ho khetha li-index tse pharaletseng.

Lichelete tsa lichelete

Matsete ana a nako e khuts’oane a na le likotsi tse kholo tse nang le phaello e phahameng. Ho kenya chelete ka lidolara tsa crypto ho tlisa chelete ea deposit ea 15%. Ke habohlokoa ho hopola hore lilemong tsa morao tjena, Bitcoin e eketsehile ka 200% ka selemo. Linaheng tse ling, ho na le li-terminals tsa ho fetolela li-cryptocurrencies ho ba chelete. Khoebong ea crypto, batseteli ba ka fumana chelete e fihlang ho 10% ka letsatsi.

Khauta

U ka reka bullion, kapa u ka reka khauta ea ETF. Ho phahama ha boleng ba khauta ho fapana selemo le selemo, empa ke e ‘ngoe ea matsete a tsitsitseng ka ho fetisisa historing ea polokelo e sireletsehileng. Khauta hoo e ka bang kamehla ha e fane ka phaello e phahameng, empa ke inshorense e tiisitsoeng.

Motsoako oa thahasello

Hangata li bitsoa lekunutu la ho rua kapele. Motsoako oa tsoala ke poelo ea matsete a puseletso ea matsete a pele. Libanka li na le lentsoe “capitalization” bakeng sa sena. Ka tsela e ‘ngoe, sena se bitsoa phaello e sebetsang le e kopantsoeng, kapa phaello ho tsoala, hammoho le sekhahla sa ho khutlisa, ho nahanela reinvestment le ho ela hloko capitalization. Ho bohlokoa hore tsoala e kopaneng e baloe ka linako tse itseng eseng ho chelete ea mantlha, empa ho tsoa ho bolokoe ba nako e itseng. Hoa etsahala hore chelete e hlahisoang e eketsoa ho chelete ea pele, hape e hlahisa chelete e eketsehileng. Mohlala o bontšoa setšoantšong:

chelete ea chelete

Ka nako e telele, ena e ne e le mokhoa oa ho boloka chelete le phaello. Hona joale mokhoa ona o fumane kotsi e kholo ea tahlehelo. Empa ho ntse ho e-na le papali e nang le litekanyetso tsa phapanyetsano ho li-stock exchanges, hape le kotsi e kholo. Ray Dalio o ile a ngola:

Nako ea ho tsetela

Bakeng sa linako tse fapaneng tsa matsete, ho na le mefuta e fapaneng ea matsete, le maemo a fapaneng a phaello:

Che.	Boemo ba tekolo	Matsete a nako e telele	Matsete a nako e mahareng	Matsete a nakoana
1	Ho lefa	Ho tloha ho 1 selemo ho isa ho lilemo tse 5 kapa ho feta	Ho fihlela selemo	Matsatsi le likhoeli
2	Boemo ba lihlahisoa	Hare	Hare	E telele
3	Kotsi	Bonyane	Hare	E telele
nne	Moeko oa ho kena	E hloka capital capital	Hare	Nyenyane
hlano	melemo	Ho tšepahala le botsitso	Ho tšepahala ho amanang le botsitso	Chelete e phahameng le e potlakileng
6	Metsotso	Nako e telele le moeli oa ho kena, chelete e kenang	Ho khutlisa butle	Likotsi tse kholo

Matsete a nako e telele

Matsete a joalo a etselitsoe nako e telele, ka mananeo a matsete ho fihlela lilemo tse 25. Tsena li kenyelletsa:

• Ho sebetsa ka li-stock le li-bond tsa lik’hamphani tse tšepahalang tsa metsi. Ho bula akhaonto ea barekisi.
• Matsete a tlhahiso.
• Kaho ea matlo, ho fumana thepa bakeng sa thekiso le khiriso.
• Theko ea mechini le lisebelisoa.
• Khauta bakeng sa ho boloka.
• Mabenyane, lichelete tsa tšepe.
• Ho tsetela thuto ea hau.

Matsete a nako e mahareng

Mohlala oa li-deposit tse joalo ke li-deposit tsa banka, li-deposit tsa khauta, lichelete tse rekisoang ka phapanyetsano le lichelete tse kopanetsoeng.

Matsete a nakoana

Tsena li kenyelletsa matsete ho li-MFI, lichelete tse kopanetsoeng, liphutheloana tsa phapanyetsano, chelete ea crypto le phapanyetsano ea kantle ho naha. Ho na le mekhoa le mefuta e mengata ea matsete, ‘me e’ ngoe le e ‘ngoe e sebetsa ka katleho tlas’a maemo a itseng. Bakeng sa ts’ebeliso ea bona e nepahetseng, hoa hlokahala ho ntlafatsa thuto ea matsete, ho itloaetsa ho fapanyetsana ha lichelete tsa lichelete ka mekhoa e fapaneng ea matsete le meputso, le ho itloaetsa tsamaiso e sebetsang ea matsete. Ka nako e ts’oanang, ho fana ka tlhaloso ea nako e telele ea moralo oa lichelete ho fihlela ho lilemo tse 10-25.