Mafomu ndi mitundu yandalama: gulu, kusankha kwa chida, ndalama zenizeni zenizeni, mbiri yazachuma, zongopeka, zosankha zandalama. Nthawi zambiri zamavuto, anthu wamba akukumana ndi kusowa komanso kuchepa kwa ndalama, kutayika kwa magwero ochepa a ndalama, komanso kutsukidwa mwachangu kwa ndalama, ngati zilipo. Ndipo anthu omwe mwachidziwitso amapanga ndalama zawo kuchokera kumagwero angapo amakumana ndi kuchepetsedwa kwa ena mwa iwo. Akatswiri nthawi zonse, makamaka panthawi yamavuto, amawunika msika mosalekeza komanso mosasinthasintha, amaneneratu ndikusankha njira zabwino zopezera ndalama komanso kusonkhanitsa ndalama potengera kusanthula kwakukulu.

Essence ndi njira, zofunika pazachuma

Ndalama zimatengedwa ngati ndalama zogulira ndalama, zotetezedwa, katundu, katundu ndi maufulu ena pazinthu zamalonda ndi zamalonda kuti alandire ndalama kapena zopindula. Zolinga za Investment ndi:

1. Kupanga malipiro achiwiri kapena penshoni, ndalama zowonjezera komanso zofunika pa moyo, banja ndi maulendo.
2. Tetezani ndalama zomwe mumapeza komanso zosunga kuchokera ku inflation ndi zoopsa zachuma.
3. Kasamalidwe koyenera ka ndalama kuti apange likulu ndikusamukira ku ufulu wazachuma.

Mulingo wa ndalama zamasiku ano za anthu zikuwonetsedwa pachithunzichi:
Zomwe zimafunikira kuti pakhale ndalama zotetezeka ndi kutsika kwapachaka kosalekeza (kutsika kwa ndalama), kudumpha kwake m’mavuto, ndi kusinthasintha kwanthawi zonse kwa msika pakati pa magawo osiyanasiyana azandalama, ndi zovuta zachuma zomwe zimagwirizana. Mwachitsanzo, mitengo yamagulu ena azinthu ku Russia theka loyamba la 2022 wasintha ndi 30-40%. Kutsika kwa mitengo ku US kudafika 8.6% – mbiri yazaka 40 zapitazi. Kuwonjezeka kwa ulova ndi ngongole za banki zikuwonjezedwa – ma ruble oposa thililiyoni a ngongole zomwe zatsala pang’ono ku Russia kumabanki. Ndi munthawi zotere pomwe kufunika kodziwa zoyenera kuchita ndi ndalama zanu ndi zinthu zosiyanasiyana kumakhala kovuta kwambiri. Katundu wa anthu ndi makampani amaphatikiza katundu wawo wamtengo wapatali ndi ndalama m’njira zosiyanasiyana: nyumba ndi nyumba, magalimoto ndi zida, chuma ndi zitsulo zamtengo wapatali, madipoziti banki, kukopera zosiyanasiyana ndi zovomerezeka. Ntchito ya osunga ndalama pamavuto ndi kupanga chuma chomwe chidzabweza kukwera kwa inflation. Mitundu yazinthu zogwirira ntchito zogwira ntchito ndi izi:

• Magawo ndi ma bond amakampani odalirika. Msika wamsika.
• Nyumba ndi zomangidwa.
• Zitsulo zamtengo wapatali. Choyamba, golide.
• Ndalama za Crypto.
• Ndalama zamabizinesi.
• Ikani mu maphunziro anu: kupeza maluso ndi luso lomwe limakupatsani ndalama.
• Kusinthana ndi malonda.

Ndalama ndi ndalama zomwe zingathandize kuteteza ndalama ndi kulandira ndalama zowonjezera. Ndiye vutoli limakhala gwero ndi mwayi wothandizira kupanga ndalama ndi zopindulitsa. Njira yochulukitsira katundu wanu, osati vuto. Sikofunikira kokha momwe mungasungire ndalama moyenera komanso momwe mungayendetsere bwino ndalama zanu.

Capital Investment ndi chuma, nzeru ndi ndalama. M’lingaliro lachikale, likulu ndi zinthu zonse zakuthupi, kuphatikizapo njira zopangira. Pakumvetsetsa kwa ndalama, njira zopangira katundu ndi zida zogulira.

Kuti kasamalidwe kabwino ka chuma, nkhani yodziwa bwino za chuma ndi yovuta. Podziwa za phindu la ndalama, popanda kuzimvetsa bwino, ambiri amalowa mu ndondomeko zachinyengo ndi mapiramidi, kumene mawu ofunika nthawi zonse amakhala “ndalama”. M’chaka, anthu a ku Russia “anapereka” ma ruble 13.5 biliyoni kwa azachuma. Zomwe zikuchitika panopa ndi ndalama zimakonda kuwerengera ndi kusanthula zochitika zachuma. Njira yazaka makumi angapo ya “kukhala pa madola ndi ma euro” yasiya kugwira ntchito, ndalamazi zatsika kangapo m’miyezi iwiri. Mosiyana ndi Purezidenti Biden, yemwe adaneneratu za mtengo wa dollar kwa ma ruble mazana awiri, bilionea waku US a Ray Dalio amayitanitsa zinyalala ndipo samalimbikitsa kusunga ndalama, makamaka panthawi yamavuto. https://articles.opexflow.com/trading-training/ray-dalio.

Magulu amitundu yandalama

Pali magulu angapo ongoyerekeza amitundu yamandalama. Pagulu la zinthu zogulitsa ndi:

1. Ndalama zenizeni zenizeni zanthawi yayitali zazinthu zogwirika komanso zosaoneka ngati ndalama zokhazikika komanso zogwirira ntchito, komanso nzeru. Umu ndi momwe zinthu zokhazikika zamabizinesi zimapangidwira. Cholinga chake ndi kukulitsa, kukonza ndi kukonzanso zopanga ndi phindu lochedwetsa.
2. Kuyika ndalama pazachuma kumabweretsa kulandila ndalama mwachindunji. Izi ndi ndalama zogulira mtsogolo ndi zotetezedwa, monga masheya, ma bond ndi ngongole. Komanso ndalama mu bizinesi, ntchito zachuma ndi kubwereketsa. Ndalama zomwe zimachokera kuzinthu zogulitsa zoterezi zimapangidwa ndi malipiro okhazikika komanso kuwonjezeka kwamitengo pakagulitsidwa.
3. Zongoyerekeza – ndalama zogulira ndalama ndi mitundu yazitsulo zamtengo wapatali.

Malingana ndi momwe osungira ndalama amachitira nawo ndondomekoyi, achindunji ndi osalunjika amasiyanitsidwanso:

• Kutenga nawo mbali kwachindunji kwa Investor posankha chinthucho, kupereka ku likulu lake lovomerezeka, komanso kutenga nawo gawo pakuwongolera chinthucho.
• Kutenga nawo mbali m’mabizinesi kudzera mwa oyimira – ndalama zogulira, ma broker, alangizi azachuma.

Chofunikira ndikugawika kwa ndalama potengera kuyika kwa katundu:

• Zogulitsa zanthawi yayitali zopitilira zaka zisanu.
• Madipoziti apakatikati kuyambira chaka chimodzi mpaka zisanu.
• Kuyika ndalama kwakanthawi kochepa kwa nthawi yosakwana chaka.

Chizindikiro china chofunikira chakuyika ndalama ndi kuchuluka kwa ndalama zomwe amapeza:

• Kuyika ndalama kumawonedwa kukhala kopindulitsa kwambiri, ndalama zomwe zimapitilira kubweza kwapakati pa msika wogulitsa.
• Kubweza kwapakati ndi ndalama zomwe zimafanana ndi kubweza kwapakati pazogulitsa pamsika.
• Ndalama zotsika mtengo ndi ndalama zomwe zimabweretsa ndalama pansi pa msika.
• Mandalama osachita phindu popanda phindu lomwe adakonzeratu amaphatikizansopo mapulogalamu okhudzana ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu, zachilengedwe komanso zachifundo.

Tanthauzo lofunikira la ndalama kwa woyika ndalama ndikuyiyika molingana ndi chiwopsezo chomwe chili nacho:

• Ndalama zopanda chiwopsezo ndi ndalama zotsimikizika za 100%. Izi zikuphatikiza ma depositi m’mabanki aboma ndi ma bond aboma.
• Mandalama omwe ali pachiwopsezo chochepa ndi omwe chiwopsezo chawo chakuwonongeka ndi chotsika kuposa kuchuluka kwa msika .
• Mandalama omwe ali pachiwopsezo chapakatikati ndi omwe amafananizidwa pachiwopsezo ndi ena pamsika.
• Mandalama omwe ali pachiwopsezo chachikulu ndi omwe kuchuluka kwawo pachiwopsezo ndi kuchuluka kwachiwopsezo chamsika. Izi zikuphatikiza mabizinesi ongoyerekeza omwe amapeza ndalama zambiri.

Mkhalidwe wofunikiranso wandalama ndi ndalama zake:

• Ndalama zamadzimadzi kwambiri zimakhala ndi zida zomwe zimatha kusinthidwa mosavuta komanso mwachangu kukhala ndalama popanda kutayika pamtengo wamsika.
• Ndalama zapakati zamadzimadzi zimatanthawuza zinthu zomwe zimatha kusinthidwa kuchokera masiku 30 mpaka miyezi isanu ndi umodzi, popanda kutayika kwakukulu pamtengo.
• Ndalama zotsika mtengo zitha kusinthidwa kukhala ndalama pasanathe miyezi isanu ndi umodzi. Nthawi zambiri izi ndi zinthu zosadziwika bwino kapena zosamalizidwa.
• Ndalama zopanda malire ndi zomwe sizingasinthidwe zokha, koma ngati gawo la chinthu wamba.

Malinga ndi njira yogwiritsira ntchito zinthu zomwe zayikidwa, ndalama zitha kukhala:

• Ndalama zoyamba ndikugulitsa zinthu zatsopano.
• Kubwezanso ndikubwezanso ndalama zobwerezedwa za katundu wolandilidwa kuchokera ku ndalama zoyambilira. Ndi kubwezeretsanso koyenera, osunga ndalama amapeza ndalama zambiri pakanthawi kochepa.
• Disinvestment ndikuchotsa ndalama zomwe zidayikidwa kale, popanda kuzigwiritsanso ntchito.

Malinga ndi mawonekedwe a umwini, ndalama ndi zachinsinsi kuchokera kumakampani ndi anthu, komanso boma, komanso kuphatikiza mitundu iwiriyi. Mitundu yomweyi ingakhale yakunja, ndipo ndalama zomwe mayiko angapo amagulitsa zimatchedwa olowa. Pali mtundu wosiyana wa ndalama – annuity, ndalama zomwe zimakonzedwa kuti zizikhala ndi nthawi yofananira. Zitsanzo ndi inshuwaransi ndi ndalama zapenshoni. Ambiri mwa maguluwa amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati mawu ndi mawonekedwe akamaganizira zandalama – gulu la zida zamabizinesi ndi mitundu yandalama zomwe zimakhudza magawo azachuma kapena mabizinesi.

Mafomu a ndalama

Mafomu omwe alipo kale ndi mafotokozedwe osiyanasiyana amitundu yandalama. Mwachitsanzo, amawonetsa zokonda ndi zolinga zamabizinesi:

• Mafomu a Mercantile amaonedwa kuti ndi ma depositi kuti apindule kwambiri, popanda chikhalidwe ndi zina.
• Mandalama azachuma sachita malonda.
• Mabizinesi ogwirizana amatsata zolinga zamabizinesi.

Mitundu yazinthu za capital capital imagawidwanso:

• Kufotokozera zandalama za fomu muzosungitsa banki ndi zotetezedwa.
• Mafomu azinthu amaphatikizapo mitundu ya zinthu zosasunthika komanso zosunthika.
• Mafomu a katundu ndi nzeru zaumwini :
  • Ufulu wanzeru wa olemba, kudziwa, ufulu wa patent.
  • Ufulu wogwiritsa ntchito zachilengedwe – madzi, nthaka, gasi ndi mafuta, mchere.
• Fomu ya ufulu wachuma .

Pali mitundu yamabizinesi aboma:

• Kupereka ngongole zokonda komanso zolimbikitsa msonkho.
• Ndalama zoyendetsera ndalama zaboma molunjika.
• Mitundu yandalama zochokera kumakampani aboma.
• Mtundu wa ndalama za boma kapena katundu ndi annuity ndi renti.

Chotsatira chake, mitundu ya ndalama zogulira mwatsatanetsatane mitundu ya ndalama zomwe zikuwonetsedwa.

Mitundu wamba ndi mitundu ya ndalama

Pali mitundu yambiri yandalama, ndipo mumtundu uliwonse ndikofunikira kusankha zinthu zodalirika zogulira. Ndikofunikira kuyika ndalama, kukhala ndi luso loyika ndalama, alangizi akatswiri, ndikuyenda muzochitika zamakono. Nthawi yomweyo, ndikofunikira kusiyanitsa ma depositi m’magawo osiyanasiyana, chifukwa magwiridwe antchito amitundu yosiyanasiyana amasintha pakapita nthawi.
Zitsanzo za ndalama zopindulitsa kwambiri m’zaka zosiyanasiyana:

• 2001 – kupindula kwakukulu kwa ndalama zogulitsa nyumba.
• 2014 – golide ndi US stock returns.
• 2020 – kubweza kwakukulu ku Bitcoin komanso m’nyumba zatsopano.

Malipoti a banki

Ndalama zoterezi m’mabanki aku Russia ndizopanda chiopsezo, ndi chitsimikizo cha boma cha depositi. Koma mtengo wa depositi sikuti nthawi zonse umakhudza kukwera kwa mitengo. Iyi ndi njira yodalirika yosungira ndalama. The kwambiri akuti madipoziti.

Stock

Tsopano ndi imodzi mwa mitundu yopindulitsa kwambiri yopangira ndalama, koma ndi luso lapamwamba. Muyenera kusankha masheya amakampani odalirika omwe akuyembekezeka kukula mpaka 30% pachaka kapena kupitilira apo. OZON ili ndi kukula kwa 100% m’zaka ziwiri. Magawo a Polyus Gold, magawo a Yandex, magawo a Apple ali ndi phindu lalikulu. Ndipo kwa ma sheya akunja, maakaunti a brokerage pamisika yamasheya adayimitsidwa kwakanthawi. Tiyenera kukumbukira kuti nthawi yovuta ndi nthawi ya mwayi, ndipo ndalama ndi chida chopulumutsira ndi kuonjezera ndalama. Pano pali chitsanzo cha kukula kwa magawo a Sberbank muvuto la 2008:
Kukula kwa magawo a Gazprom ndi Norilsk Nickel mu 2014:
Mu 2020, Gazprom ndi Nornickel anali ndi kuwonjezeka kwa magawo:
Kukula kwa magawo a makampani aku Russia mu masika akuwonetsedwa pachithunzichi:
Chitsanzo chabwino chakukula kwa masheya ndi Google, yomwe masheya ake akwera maulendo 20 kuyambira 2004.

Mabondi

Ma bond ochokera kwa ogulitsa odalirika amakhala ndi malipiro apamwamba, koma amabwera ndi chiopsezo. Otetezeka kuposa ma bondi a boma. Iwo alibe chiopsezo, koma ndi ndalama zochepa. Pansi pa ma bond, wobwereketsa amakhala wobwereketsa kampani kapena boma kwa nthawi inayake komanso pulogalamu inayake. Izi ndi ndalama zanthawi yayitali, kumapeto kwa nthawi yomwe ndalama zomwe zidayikidwa komanso chiwongola dzanja pa deposit zimabwezedwa. Ichi ndi chopereka chodalirika, koma pamlingo wophimba kukwera kwa inflation.

Nyumba ndi zomangidwa

Amakhulupirira kuti ndikofunikira kuyika ndalama pano panthawi yachitukuko chokhazikika chachuma, chifukwa nyumba zogulitsa nyumba zimagwera m’mavuto panthawi yamavuto. Izi zinali choncho mu 2008. Koma mu 2001 ndi 2020, padali kukula kosalekeza kwa ndalama zosungira ku Russia.

Ndalama zogwirizanitsa

Ndalama zomwe zimagwirizanitsa zimasonkhanitsa magulu a anthu omwe akutenga nawo mbali muzosungirako zosiyanasiyana, ndikofunikira kupanga chisankho choyenera ndikuwongolera ndalama, poganizira momwe msika ukuyendera. Zogawana zimalandiridwa ngati gawo la gawo la gawolo. https://articles.opexflow.com/investments/birzhevye-paevye-investicionnye-fondy.htm

Ndalama zogulitsa malonda

Ma ETF awa ndi oyenera kwa oyamba kumene ndipo amapereka ma portfolio oyika ndalama omwe amaganizira za msika. Izi ndi ndalama zazifupi, zomwe zimakhala ndi chiopsezo chachikulu chokhala ndi phindu lalikulu pamene mitengo ikuyenda tsiku lonse. Mutha kuchepetsa chiopsezocho posankha ma index ambiri.

Ndalama za Crypto

Ndalama zanthawi yochepazi zimakhala ndi zoopsa zambiri zomwe zimakhala ndi phindu lalikulu. Kuyika ndalama mu madola a crypto kumabweretsa ndalama zosungiramo 15%. Ndikoyenera kukumbukira kuti m’zaka zaposachedwa, Bitcoin yakula ndi 200% pachaka. M’mayiko ena, pali ma terminals osinthira ma cryptocurrencies kukhala ndalama. Mu malonda a crypto, osunga ndalama amatha kupeza mpaka 10% patsiku.

Golide

Mutha kugula bullion, kapena mutha kugula golide wa ETF. Kukwera kwa mtengo wa golidi kumasiyanasiyana chaka ndi chaka, koma ndi imodzi mwazinthu zokhazikika kwambiri m’mbiri ya ndalama zotetezedwa. Golide pafupifupi nthawi zonse samapereka kubweza kwakukulu, koma ndi inshuwaransi yotsimikizika.

Chidwi chophatikiza

Nthawi zambiri amatchedwa chinsinsi cha kulemera msanga. Chiwongoladzanja chophatikizana ndi kubweza kwa ndalama zomwe zabweza pazachuma choyambirira. Mabanki ali ndi mawu oti “capitalization” pa izi. Mwanjira ina, izi zimatchedwa chiwongola dzanja chogwira ntchito komanso chophatikizika, kapena chiwongola dzanja pa chiwongola dzanja, komanso kuchuluka kwa kubweza, poganizira kubweza ndalama ndikuganizira za capitalization. Ndikofunikira kuti chiwongola dzanja chiwerengedwe nthawi zina osati kuchokera ku ndalama zoyambira, koma kuchokera ku ndalama zomwe zasungidwa kwa nthawi inayake. Zikuoneka kuti ndalama zomwe zimapangidwa zimawonjezeredwa ku ndalama zoyambirira, komanso zimapanga ndalama zowonjezera. Chitsanzo chikuwonetsedwa pachithunzichi:

ndalama ya ndalama

Kwa nthawi yayitali, iyi inali njira yosungiramo sitolo ndi phindu. Tsopano njirayi yapeza chiopsezo chachikulu cha kutaya. Koma pamakhalabe masewera omwe ali ndi mitengo yosinthanitsa pamasitomala, komanso ali pachiwopsezo chachikulu. Ray Dalio anati:

Nthawi ya ndalama

Kwa nthawi zosiyanasiyana zamabizinesi, pali ma voliyumu osiyanasiyana oyika ndalama, komanso mapindu osiyanasiyana:

Ndalama zanthawi yayitali

Ndalama zotere zimapangidwira kwa nthawi yayitali, ndi mapulogalamu oyika ndalama mpaka zaka 25. Izi zikuphatikizapo:

• Kugwira ntchito ndi masheya ndi ma bond amakampani odalirika amadzimadzi. Kutsegula akaunti ya brokerage.
• Ndalama zopanga.
• Kumanga nyumba, kupeza malo ogulitsa ndi kubwereka.
• Kugula makina ndi zida.
• Golide kuti asungidwe bwino.
• Zodzikongoletsera, ndalama.
• Investment maphunziro ake.

Mandalama apakatikati

Chitsanzo cha madipoziti oterowo ndi ma depositi akubanki, ma depositi a golidi, ndalama zogulitsirana zosinthanitsa ndi ndalama zogwirizana.

Ndalama zanthawi yochepa

Izi zikuphatikizapo ndalama mu MFIs, mutual ndalama, phukusi kuwombola, cryptocurrency ndi wotuluka kunja. Pali njira zambiri ndi mitundu yopezera ndalama, ndipo iliyonse imagwira ntchito bwino pamikhalidwe ina. Kuti agwiritse ntchito moyenera, m’pofunika kupititsa patsogolo maphunziro a kasungidwe ka ndalama, kugwiritsa ntchito mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya ndalama zogulira ndalama ndi mawu osiyana siyana a ndalama ndi zobweza, ndikuchita kasamalidwe kake kazachuma. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, kufotokoza za nthawi yayitali yokonzekera ndalama mpaka zaka 10-25.