Kodi Investor novice angakonzekere bwanji ntchito ndi zam’tsogolo?

Kugulitsa zam’tsogolo ndi njira yosangalatsa komanso yogwira ntchito yopezera ndalama zomwe zilipo kale kuposa kuyika ndalama m’masheya, ndalama, malo, ndi zina. Chidacho ndi chodabwitsa chifukwa chimapereka njira zambiri zosankhidwa. Monga mtundu wapadera wa zochitika, zam’tsogolo ndizodziwika pamsika wachuma. Amabweretsa phindu lalikulu ndi njira yaluso.

Kodi msika wamtsogolo umagwira ntchito bwanji?

Kugulitsa zam’tsogolo kumaphatikizapo kulosera zamsika kuti mugule / kugulitsa katundu pamtengo wabwino. Mbali ya chida chachuma ndi:

1. Kukhazikika. Futures ndi mtundu wa mgwirizano womwe unatsirizidwa pa malonda ogulitsa katundu, kumene, pamodzi ndi zikhalidwe zonse, mtengo ndi nthawi yobweretsera katunduyo amavomerezedwa pasadakhale. M’mawu osavuta, wogula amalonjeza kugula chinthu chokhazikika pamtengo wokhazikika pakapita nthawi. Komanso, Investor ndi mwayi. Ngati mtengo wa katundu ukukwera mkati mwa nthawi yotchulidwa, adzapeza phindu. Ngati itagwa, itayika. Pazifukwa zabwino kwambiri, palibe aliyense wa maphwando omwe akugwirizana nawo omwe adzalandira phindu ndipo sangawonongeke (aliyense amakhalabe “ndi ake”).
2. Kuchita mokakamiza kwa mgwirizano . Kugula ndi kugulitsa katundu pambuyo pa kutha kwa mgwirizano ndi udindo, osati ufulu, wa maphwando. Kusinthanitsa kwamasheya kumakhala ngati chitsimikizo cha kukwaniritsidwa kwa zofunikira. Ntchitoyi isanathe, malipiro a inshuwaransi (chitsimikizo) amatengedwa kuchokera kwa omwe akutenga nawo mbali. Kawirikawiri ndi 5% ya ndalama za mgwirizano. Kuonjezera apo, pali zilango.
3. Zinthu zosiyanasiyana. Palibe chimango chapadera chosankha chinthu chomwe mukuchita. Ndizotheka kugula / kugulitsa zotetezedwa, chiwongola dzanja, ndalama, ma indices, ndi zina.

Akatswiri azachuma amayika malonda am’tsogolo ngati zongoyerekeza. Kuika ndalama kwenikweni kumaphatikizapo kuika ndalama pogula chinthu chinachake. Mgwirizano wam’tsogolo umafananizidwa ndi kubetcha, mwachitsanzo, omwe akutenga nawo mbali amabetcha mokhazikika ngati mtengo wa chinthu utsika kapena kukwera.

Ubwino wa malonda amtsogolo

Chida chachuma chimagwiritsidwa ntchito mwakhama ndi omwe akufuna kupeza ndalama zowonjezera mosavuta komanso mofulumira. Ogulitsa ena amakhulupirira kuti ubwino wake umaposa kuipa kwake. Mbali zabwino:

1. Pali zinthu zambiri zosiyanasiyana zomwe zimapezeka kumisika yamisika. Kusiyanasiyana kwamitundu ndikosavuta.
2. Kugulitsa malo achidule kulibe malire. Kugulitsa katundu amene wogulitsa alibe amatchedwa “waufupi” – kugulitsa kochepa. Ngati poyerekeza ndi masheya, ndiye panthawi yomwe idaperekedwa kugulitsa malonda, ndizotheka kugula / kugulitsa zam’tsogolo kangapo.
3. Mkulu mlingo wa liquidity. Futures ndi chida chamsika chotengera. Kukonzekera kwa mgwirizano kumachitika mu nthawi yochepa. Mwayi wa kukula kwa mtengo ukuwonjezeka, mwachitsanzo mwayi wolandira ndalama ndi wapamwamba kusiyana ndi ndalama za nthawi yaitali.
4. Fomu yokhazikika. Otenga nawo gawo pazamalonda safunikira kukambirana za zomwe mgwirizano uli nawo. Zinthu zonse zaperekedwa kale.
5. Malo olowera ndi otsika. Kulipira mwa mgwirizano sikuyenera kupangidwa nthawi yomweyo. Zokwanira kubweretsa inshuwalansi. Malirewo ndi pafupifupi 15% ya mtengo wonse wamalonda. Zina zonsezo zimakonzedwa kuti zilipire kumapeto kwa mgwirizano. Kuonjezera apo, chifukwa cha kutsimikizika kwa chinthu cha mgwirizano, palibe chifukwa cholipirira broker kuti asungidwe zotetezedwa. Mgwirizano wamtsogolo ndi chizindikiro chabe cha udindo mu thumba la ndalama.
6. Kuthekera kupitiriza malonda pambuyo pa mapeto a gawo lalikulu. Kuti muchite izi, pali gawo lofulumira lomwe limakulitsa ndondomekoyi kwa maola angapo.

Kuipa kwa mtundu uwu wa ndalama ndi kusowa kwa mphamvu, mwachitsanzo, simungafunse broker ngongole ya ndalama kapena chinthu chokhacho chogulitsa ndalama. Chifukwa chake ndi kusowa kwa kufunikira kokhala ndi ndalama zonse pa akaunti nthawi imodzi kumayambiriro kwa malonda. Ndipo ephemerality ya chinthucho sikukulolani kuti mukhale ndi ngongole yomwe kulibe. Mbali ina yoipa ndi yakuti wochita malonda, akamapempha kugula chinthu, sakudziwa yemwe adzakhale wachiwiri. Izi zimawonjezera chiopsezo.

Ndi kuchuluka kwa zabwino zonse, chida sichikulimbikitsidwa kuti chigwiritsidwe ntchito ndi oyamba kumene. Malonda a Futures amasanduka kasino wopanda chidziwitso chokwanira komanso chidziwitso pamsika wazachuma. Oyamba kumene amaona kuti n’zosavuta “kulingalira” kusinthasintha kwamitengo.

Limbikitsani

Kupereka zikhalidwe zapadera zolipira mapangano am’tsogolo sikulola kugwiritsa ntchito ntchito zobwereketsa za broker. Chifukwa chake, ndizosatheka kuyankhula za kupezeka kwa njira zopezera ndalama zamtunduwu. Kuchulukitsa kunasinthidwa ndi chikole. Wogulitsa ndalama ali ndi ufulu wogula mgwirizano wam’tsogolo popanda kukhala ndi ndalama zonse. Kusinthanitsa kumapangitsa munthu wotsimikizira kuti akutsatira malamulowo, ndipo kumangofunika gawo limodzi la ndalama zomwe ziyenera kulipidwa (malipiro amtsogolo). Izi ndi GO (chikole kapena deposit).

Malingaliro musanayambe malonda

Musanayambe malonda amtsogolo, onetsetsani kuti mwamvetsetsa ndikumvetsetsa zoopsa zonse zomwe zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi malonda otere. Kenako, muyenera kuchita zingapo: sankhani broker, dziwani gawo la msika ndikusankha nokha mtundu wamalonda wamtsogolo.

Kusankha Kampani Yamabungwe

Wogulitsa wokhazikika pazambiri zamtunduwu adzapatsa wochita malonda mwayi wapamwamba kwambiri wantchito ndi malingaliro. Komabe, kwa osunga ndalama payekha, izi zitha kukhala zokwera mtengo. Njira yabwino ingakhale kusankha kuchotsera kwa mautumiki pamtengo wochepa. Sankhani kampani yobwereketsa potengera zizindikiro zotsatirazi:

• ma komisheni kubetcha;
• zofunika malire (chiyerekezo choyambirira);
• mitundu yomwe ilipo ya zochitika;
• pulogalamu ya nsanja;
• kuphweka kwa mawonekedwe owunikira kuchokera kwa wogwiritsa ntchito;
• liwiro ndi mtundu wa ntchito ya broker potumikira makasitomala ena.

Magulu a misika yam’tsogolo

Mukamachita malonda, mafakitale ambiri osiyanasiyana amapezeka (kuchokera kuukadaulo kupita ku ma depositi akubanki akunja). Ndi zimango zofananira zamabizinesi am’magulu amakampani, pamakhalabe ma nuances amitundu yawo. Zinthu zilinso chimodzimodzi ndi malonda amtsogolo. Ngakhale kufanana kwa zochitika zam’tsogolo, zida zambiri zoterezi zimayang’aniridwa kuti ndizofunikira kuyang’anira mitundu yonse yamagulu. Afanizireni ndi makontrakitala otsatsa kuti mumvetsetse bwino zomwe zimachitika posankha gulu lantchito. Kumbukirani kuti misika iliyonse (zitsulo, ndalama, mphamvu zamagetsi, ndi zina zotero) ili ndi mawonekedwe ake: kusiyana kwa kuchuluka kwa ndalama, kuchuluka kwa mgwirizano, zofunikira za malire.

Mitundu ya zochitika pamsika wamtsogolo

Kugula mgwirizano kapena kugulitsa, ndikuyembekeza kupambana pakukwera / kugwa kwa mtengo, ndi njira yosavuta kumvetsetsa. Ndizinthu zamtunduwu zomwe muyenera kuyamba kugulitsa pamsika wam’tsogolo. Pamene mukuphunzira ndikuchita nawo ntchitoyi, gwiritsani ntchito njira zina zovuta kwambiri. Mitundu yamalonda:

1. kubetcherana pa maudindo pa mitengo ya mgwirizano ndi mankhwala palokha. Wogulitsa amakhazikitsa malo aatali pamsika wam’tsogolo komanso nthawi yochepa pamsika wandalama. Chofunikira pa kubetcha ndikusinthasintha kwamitengo yazinthuzo komanso mitengo yamtsogolo. Phindu lonse kuchokera ku maudindo onse awiri lidzasiyana. Wogulitsa ali ndi chidwi chotseka maudindo onse awiri, pokhala wakuda.
2. Bet pa malo a contract. Chofunika cha kubetcha ndikusintha kusiyana pakati pa mitengo yamakontrakitala awiri. Mfundo zoyendetsera ntchitoyi ndizofanana ndi zam’mbuyomu.
3. Kugwiritsa ntchito malonda amtsogolo motsutsana ndi kuchepa kwa msika. Apo ayi, hedging. Mophiphiritsira, zikuwoneka ngati izi: kasitomala ali ndi gawo lalikulu la magawo, ndipo sakufuna kuwagulitsa. Msika wachuma ukukakamiza ndi kuthekera kwa kutsika kwakukulu kwamitengo. Njira yotulukira idzakhala kugulitsa kwawo mu mawonekedwe a mgwirizano wamtsogolo. Ndiko kuti, zam’tsogolo zimakhala inshuwaransi motsutsana ndi kutsika kwamitengo pamsika.

Zamtsogolo zokopa kwambiri ndalama

Kaya tikukamba za malo apakhomo kapena akunja, mfundoyi siinasinthe. Kusakhazikika kwakukulu (kusokonekera kwamitengo) ndi kuchuluka kwachuma (kuthekera kosinthira zinthu mwachangu kukhala ndalama pamtengo wabwino) nthawi zonse zimakhala zodziwika bwino pamsika. Mabetcha andalama (euro kupita ku dollar, Swiss franc kupita ku yen yaku Japan, ndi zina zotero) alinso amadzimadzi komanso osasunthika. Makhalidwe awo amafanana ndi ma indices, koma kubetcha ndikosavuta kumvetsetsa.
Zochita zomwe sizikhala zowopsa kwambiri ndi:

• kupeza tsogolo la magawo amakampani akuluakulu komanso ochita bwino;
• malonda amtsogolo azitsulo zamtengo wapatali.

Kusanthula koyamba kwa msika

Pakusankha kolondola kwa mgwirizano wamtsogolo, zikuwonekeratu kuti ndizoyenera kuphunzira momwe zinthu ziliri pamsika. M’munsimu muli mitundu yowunikira kwambiri komanso yodziwika bwino pakati pa amalonda.

Zofunika

Kafukufukuyu akuwunika zizindikiro za masikelo osiyanasiyana omwe amakhudza mitengo ya mgwirizano m’tsogolomu. Popeza mtengo wam’tsogolo umagwirizana ndi mtengo wa katundu wake wapansi, zinthu zonse zomwe zingakhudze chiŵerengero cha ndalama zomwe zimafunidwa ndi ndalama zomwe zili pansi zimawunikidwa. Zitsanzo:

1. Zamtsogolo zandalama. Apa, zisonyezo zamisika yotchuka ngati FOREX, makamaka milingo ya chiwongola dzanja, kusinthasintha kwamitengo m’maiko omwe ali ndi ndalama zadziko lofananira, nkhani zachuma, ndi zinthu zodziwikiratu zimakhudza kwambiri.
2. Stock ndi bond futures. Udindo waukulu mu gawoli umaseweredwa ndi deta yochokera ku lipoti la kayendetsedwe ka ndalama zonse za kampani yopereka (zopereka zotetezedwa). Chisamaliro chapadera chimaperekedwa pazigawo zoyambira (zizindikiro za kukula kwa kampani, ndalama zonse pakadali pano komanso zosinthika, ndi zina).

Zaukadaulo

Kusanthula kumatengera deta kuchokera kumitengo yamitengo. Mfundo ya njirayi ndikukhazikitsa kuti mtengo umasintha nthawi iliyonse. Ngakhale palibe kusintha pa tchati, pamene scaling kwa kukulitsa malire kapena yochepetsera awo, kukhazikika koteroko ndi kaye kaye mtengo usanakwere kapena kugwa. Udindo wofunikira pakuwunika umasewera ndi:

• machitidwe (zitsanzo za kusintha kwamitengo m’magawo akale);
• kuthandizira ndi kukana milingo (zotchinga zosagonjetseka pamtengo kwa nthawi yayitali).

Kuphatikiza kwa zizindikiro izi ndi zina zimapereka chifukwa chotsimikizira kuti kugulitsako ndi koyenera. Deta yonse imamangidwa pamaziko a tchati cha kusinthasintha kwamitengo.

Kutsegula akaunti yamalonda

Popanda kusiyanitsa, malonda onse ogulitsa katundu amapereka mwayi wa malonda amtsogolo. Ntchito imayamba ndikutsegula akaunti ya brokerage:

1. Kusankhidwa kwa kampani yapakati pazamalonda kumachokera pakuphunzira kwa mfundo za mgwirizano. Onani chilolezo cha broker patsamba la Moscow Interbank Currency Exchange MICEX (https://www.moex.com/).
2. Zolemba zomwe zimafunikira kuti mutsegule akaunti zimasiyana pang’ono kutengera bungwe, koma mndandanda waukulu ndi motere:
   • kugwiritsa ntchito molingana ndi chitsanzo chokhazikitsidwa ndi bungwe;
   • pasipoti / chikalata china;
   • TIN satifiketi;
   • SNILS.

Sankhani ndalama zomwe mungatumize ku akaunti. Kwa ma broker osiyanasiyana, malire olowera amasiyana kwambiri. Kenako, chitani zotsatirazi:

1. Sankhani akaunti yoti mutsegule – yokhazikika (msonkho wa 13%) kapena akaunti yapayekha (IIA) (apa mutha kusankha mtundu wochotsera msonkho – pazopereka kapena ndalama).
2. Sankhani ndondomeko ya tariff, poganizira zonse zomwe mukufuna kuchita zachuma.
3. Dziwani njira yabwino yotsegulira – pitani ku ofesi ya kampaniyo nokha kapena polembetsa pa intaneti. Poyamba, ndikwanira kubweretsa phukusi la zikalata. Katswiri adzachita zina zonse. Chachiwiri, muyenera kudzaza mizati yonse yofunikira nokha. Kutsimikizira kulembetsa kumachitika kudzera mu chizindikiritso kudzera mu “Gosuslugi” kapena kutsimikizira kwa SMS.
4. Zolemba zimakonzedwa mkati mwa masiku 2-3. Pambuyo pa nthawiyo, uthenga wa SMS udzatumizidwa ku nambala yafoni yomwe yatchulidwa ndi chidziwitso chotsegula akaunti.
5. Akaunti sikugwira ntchito mpaka gawo loyamba. Bweretsani ndi khadi la banki, kusamutsa kuchokera ku akaunti zosungira, ndalama.

Akaunti yogwira ntchito imakulolani kuti muyambe kugula ndi kugulitsa zam’tsogolo.

Gulu la makontrakitala

Ukadaulo wolumikizana nawo umadaliranso mtundu wa mgwirizano womwe wasankhidwa. Musanayambe malonda, phunzirani mosamala makhalidwe a mitundu yonseyi.

1. Kutumiza. Dzina lenilenilo la mtundu wa mgwirizano limalankhula za kufunikira kwake – ikuyenera kukhala kubweretsa kwenikweni kwa mankhwala malinga ndi zotsatira za malonda. Kutsatira mgwirizanowu kumayendetsedwa ndi kusinthanitsa, kulanga anthu ndi chindapusa ngati ataphwanya zikhalidwe. Mtunduwu umagwiritsidwa ntchito, monga lamulo, ndi mabizinesi aulimi ndi mafakitale. Chiwongoladzanja chimafotokozedwa ndi kufunikira kogula mopindulitsa zopangira zokha kapena zinthu zina zofunika popanga.
2. Zoyerekeza. Zolemba za mgwirizano zomwe zatsirizidwa pansi pa mtundu uwu sizimapereka kuperekedwa kwa chinthu cha mgwirizano. Ntchitoyi ikuchitika pamaziko a kusinthanitsa ndalama. Kwenikweni, mapangano okhazikika amachitidwa ndi amalonda kuti apeze ndalama kudzera muzochitika zongopeka.

Algorithm yamalonda

Zogulitsa pa stock exchange sizimapangidwa mosaganizira. Kugulitsa zam’tsogolo kumafuna dongosolo lomveka bwino lomwe limasiyanasiyana malinga ndi momwe zinthu zilili, koma zimakhala ndi msana waukulu – ndondomeko yamalonda:

1. Kuzindikira mtengo wa mgwirizano pakali pano.
2. Kuwunika kuchuluka kwa ndalama za inshuwaransi (GO).
3. Kuwerengera kuchuluka kwa mapangano omwe alipo pogawa kuchuluka kwa ndalamazo ndi kukula kwa malire.

Chitsanzo: Mukufuna kudziwa kuchuluka kwa makontrakitala amtsogolo agolide omwe angagulidwe ndi ma depositi a 1, 5 ndi 10 madola masauzande. Kuwerengera ndi pafupifupi chifukwa cha kusinthasintha kwa magawo a malonda. Zambiri zotsatirazi zilipo:

• mtengo wa troy ounce pakali pano ndi madola 1,268,000;
• GO 0.109 madola zikwi.

Kuwerengera kuchuluka kwa makontrakitala amitundu yosiyanasiyana ya depositi, ndalama zosungitsira zimagawidwa ndi kuchuluka kwa GO:

Muyenera kudziwa za ngoziyo. Njira yololera ndikuchepetsa chiopsezo ku 3% ya depositi.

Malire ndi zotsatira zandalama

Malo otseguka ndi tsogolo logulidwa. Pamapeto pa tsiku, malire amawonjezeredwa pa malo ake (kusiyana pakati pa mtengo wogula ndi mtengo pamapeto a malonda).

Pofika nthawi yomwe mgwirizano watsekedwa, chizindikirochi chimakhala ndi chidziwitso pazochitika za tsiku ndi tsiku, kukhala chizindikiro cha zotsatira za ndalama zamalonda.

Amalonda odziwa bwino amawerengera koyambirira kwa phindu la malondawo (kusiyana kwa malire). Izi zimakuthandizani kuti musaphonye mphindi yabwino yotseka malowo. Phindu limawerengeredwa ndi chilinganizo: VM = (Pn − Pn-1) × N, pomwe:

• Pn ndi mtengo wa mgwirizano mu nthawi yamakono;
• Pn-1 – mtengo wamtengo kumapeto kwa tsiku lapitalo la malonda;
• N ndi chiwerengero cha makontrakitala.

Mafunso odziwika a newbie

Kuchuluka kwachuma kwa novice kumizidwa pamutu womwe amamukonda, mafunso ambiri amakhala oyenera kwa iye. Izi zimakulitsa chidziwitso cha chidziwitso. Pansipa pali mafunso omwe amapezeka kwambiri pakati pa ongoyamba kumene:

1. Kodi ndingawone kuti mndandanda wazomwe zikuchitika posachedwa? Ogulitsa omwe ali ndi chilolezo amawonetsa mndandanda wamakontrakitala amtsogolo omwe alipo mu nthawi yeniyeni. Kusinthanitsa kulikonse komwe amalonda amachitirako chidwi ndikusintha kwanthawi yake pamndandanda.
2. Kodi ndingatsitse kuti mbiri yakale? Pakusinthana kulikonse pali ntchito yokhala ndi zolemba zakale. Kuti muchite izi, mutha kugwiritsa ntchito kusaka patsambalo polowetsa “Quotes Archive” mubokosi losakira. Nthawi zina mutha kutsitsa zolemba mwachindunji kudzera muutumiki wa charting pokhazikitsa “Maximum mipiringidzo” potengera kuti tsiku limodzi ndi lofanana ndi mphindi 1440. Pamaso otsitsira, wosuta chinachititsa kusankha chiyambi ndi mapeto a nthawi ya chidwi.
3. Kodi mungasankhire bwanji tsiku loyenera lamtsogolo? Kusankha tsiku lotha ntchito (tsiku lomwe mgwirizano umatha) zimadalira zomwe zili pansi. Zimachitika masiku ena okhazikitsidwa ndi kusinthana. Chisankho cha wochita malonda chimakhala chakuti popanga chisankho chomaliza malonda, kufufuza kumafunika kutengera mtundu wa katundu. Ndiko kuti, kusankha tsiku la zam’tsogolo ndi gawo la kusanthula koyambirira kwa msika, zomwe zafotokozedwa pamwambapa.
4. Kodi chimachitika ndi chiyani pa tsiku lomaliza la malonda? Patsiku lino, kusinthanitsa kumapanganso kuwerengeranso malo onse otseguka pamsika wamtsogolo, mwachitsanzo, ili ndi tsiku lomwe maudindo omwe ali pansi pa mgwirizano amakwaniritsidwa. N’zosatheka kulosera za khalidwe la msika lero. Amalonda ayenera kukhala tcheru kwambiri pafupi ndi masiku otseka kuti kusasunthika kosayembekezereka kusabweretse kutayika. Kuphatikiza apo, ndi tsiku lomaliza la malonda kuti mutha “kugunda jackpot”.
5. Kodi pali tsogolo losatha? Inde, pali mtsogolo popanda tsiku lotha ntchito. Pansi pa mapangano oterowo, kuwerengeranso kumachitika pa ola limodzi. Amene ali ndi maudindo aatali (kutalika) amalipira omwe akugwira zazifupi (zofupikitsa) pamtengo wotsimikiziridwa ndi kusinthanitsa. Chodabwitsa ichi chimakhalapo chifukwa chofuna kusunga mtengo wa tsogolo losatha popanda kutseka udindo. Mtengo uwu uyenera kukhala pamlingo wamtengo woyambira wa ma indices.
6. Kodi pali kusiyana kotani pakati pa maudindo aafupi ndi aatali mu mgwirizano? Short – zotsatira za kugulitsa mgwirizano. Mwiniwake waufupi ali ndi udindo wogulitsa katundu wapansi pa mtengo womwe wagwirizana mu mgwirizano. Long – chifukwa cha kugula mgwirizano. Mwini wake ali ndi udindo wogula katundu wapansi pa tsiku lomaliza la mgwirizano pamtengo wokhazikitsidwa.
7. Kodi osunga ndalama amafunikira zam’tsogolo? Wogulitsa aliyense amadzipangira yekha ngati akufunika kugulitsa msika wam’tsogolo. Kusankhidwa kwa zida zachuma kumadalira zomwe amakonda, chidziwitso ndi chikwama cha Investor. Anthu ena sagwiritsa ntchito malonda am’tsogolo ngati chida chokhacho chandalama. M’malo mwake, amawona tsogolo ngati imodzi mwazosankha zamitundumitundu. Ndi chida chochepetsera chiopsezo. Zimakhala ndi ndalama muzinthu zosiyanasiyana.

Mutha kuphunzira momwe mungagulitsire zam’tsogolo ndikupeza ndalama muvidiyoyi: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=csSZvzVJ4I0&ab_channel=RamyZaycman Futures, ngati chida chosinthira, sichinachitepo kanthu nthawi zonse. Kupyolera muzochitika zamtsogolo, ogulitsa (mafamu, mafakitale, ndi zina zotero) adadziteteza ku kusintha kwa mitengo. Tsopano malonda amtsogolo apeza kuchuluka kwakukulu komanso kutchuka. Ndi bwino kuyamba ntchito yamtundu wotereyi ndikudziwa zambiri pazamalonda m’misika.