Yintoni ipotifoliyo yotyalo-mali, utyalo-mali lwepotfoliyo 2024

Kwi-90% yabantu kwihlabathi lanamhlanje, into ebalulekileyo kunye nebalulekileyo kukugcinwa okanye ukwanda kwemithombo yemali yasimahla. Kukho iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokwenza utyalo-mali olunenzuzo, kodwa enye kuphela yeendlela ezidumileyo kukudala ipotifoliyo yotyalo-mali. Ngaphambi kokuqala ukubunjwa kwayo, kuyimfuneko ukwazi iimpawu zenkqubo. Olona khetho lungcono kukukhetha ezona ziqinisekiso zinenzuzo yemali. Kufuneka kwakhona ukwazi ukuba zeziphi izicwangciso, iindlela kunye neendlela zokuyidala zikhona.

Yintoni ipotifoliyo yotyalo-mali – inkqubo yemfundo yabaqalayo

Ngokweziphumo zophando malunga nesihloko sotyalo-mali, kwaziwa kwabaninzi ukuba ithiyori yanamhlanje yavela emva kwe-1952 kwaye ukususela ngoko iye yaphuhliswa kwaye yaphuculwa kuphela, ilungelelanisa kwizinto eziyinyani zeemfuno kunye nemeko yezoqoqosho. Ngaphambi kokuqala ukhetho, kuyimfuneko ukuqonda zonke iinkcukacha zepotfoliyo yotyalo-mali, ziphi iimpawu zayo. Ipotfoliyo yotyalo-mali kufuneka ithathelwe ingqalelo njengeseti yezixhobo zemali ezifanelekileyo nezikumgangatho ophezulu ezizisa ingeniso ezinzileyo neqinisekisiweyo kumnini wazo. Xa ukhetha ukhetho olufanelekileyo, kucetyiswa ukuba uthathele ingqalelo into enye ebalulekileyo: iipotifoliyo zotyalo-mali zingahluka ngokwenqanaba lomngcipheko. Kufuneka kwakhona ucinge ukuba loluphi uqikelelo lwenzuzo abanalo, yeyiphi imiqathango yotyalo-mali abayinikezelayo. Ngokukhetha iseti efanelekileyo yee-asethi, umtyali-mali (inokuba ngumntu oqhelekileyo) uya kuba nako ukuphumeza ngempumelelo isicwangciso sepotfoliyo ephuhlisiweyo ukuze afumane isixa-mali esithile.

Ipotifoliyo yotyalo-mali kwabaqalayo

Ipotfoliyo yokuqala yotyalo-mali ifuna umtyali-mali anike ingqwalasela kwiinkcukacha ezahlukeneyo ngexesha lenkqubo yokuqokelela. Abaqalayo abafuna ukwenza utyalo-mali ngembuyekezo enkulu kakhulu kufuneka bazi indlela yokwenza ipotifoliyo yotyalo-mali kwaye ngawaphi amanqaku okuhlawula ingqalelo ekhethekileyo kuwo. Iingcali kwicandelo lotyalo-mali kunye nezezimali zicebisa ukuba zikhethe le ndlela ilandelayo yokuseka ipotifoliyo yotyalo-mali lokuqala.

Ukuvula i-akhawunti ye-brokerage

Phakathi kotshintshiselwano kunye nomntu (umtyalo-mali) kuya kuba nomlamli –
umthengisi . Okokuqala, ngaphandle kwenkampani yokurhweba, ayizukusebenza ukutyalomali kwizibambiso. Okwesibini, umthengisi uya kukunceda ukhethe ukhetho olukhuselekileyo lotyalo-mali, uya kukunika ithuba lokusebenzisa izixhobo zemali eziyimfuneko kutyalo-mali kunye / okanye ukurhweba. Kufuneka kukhunjulwe ukuba kwiimeko ezininzi ii-brokers azihlawulisi ntlawulo yokuvula i-akhawunti, okanye umrhumo ngumfuziselo kuphela. Kucetyiswa ukuba ujonge ilayisenisi kwimisebenzi kwinqanaba lokuqala lokusebenzisana.

Ukongeza izitokhwe zenqanaba lesibini kwipotifoliyo yotyalo-mali

Izabelo zeenkampani ezivela “kwinqanaba lesibini” – zinokuncedisa isethi esele ikhona yezibambiso. Uphawu: bakuvumela ukuba ufumane ngaphezulu, kodwa iingozi zemali kule meko zanda. Indlela yokuhlanganisa iphothifoliyo yotyalo-mali kumntu oqalayo, ziphi izitokhwe kunye nezinye izibambiso eziza kuzenza: https://youtu.be/qiwFndRDDM Abaqalayo kufuneka bazi ukuba kukho ingcamango “yomvuzo womngcipheko” kwimarike yemasheya. Ingundoqo ye-phenomenon ngolu hlobo lulandelayo: kwimeko, umzekelo, ukuthenga ibhondi ebonisa isivuno se-10%, ngoko ke amathuba okwenza inzuzo malunga ne-90%. Ii-brokers ziya kukunceda ukubala imbuyekezo kwipotifoliyo yakho yotyalo-mali. Ukuze uqokelele eyona ndlela ilungileyo, kufuneka uqale uphumelele uvavanyo lomngcipheko. Abarhwebi bakwabonelela ngohlalutyo olukumgangatho ophezulu kunye nezifundo. Esinye isindululo kuphononongo lwepotfoliyo yonyaka. Ukudalwa ngokuchanekileyo kwepotfoliyo yotyalo-mali namhlanje akuqinisekisi ukuba emva kwexeshana akuyi kuba nenzuzo encinci. Ukuqinisekiswa kwangexesha kuya kunceda ukuphepha iingxaki. Umzekelo: Ipotfoliyo ehlanganisiweyo ine-20% yeebhondi, i-20% yeengxowa-mali kunye ne-60% yesitokhwe. Ebudeni bonyaka, izabelo zibonise ukukhula – zenyuka kwixabiso kunye nesabelo sabo kwipotfoliyo, ngokulandelanayo, yanda. Ukuze kugcinwe inzuzo, kufuneka kuqala uthengise inxalenye yezabelo, kwaye emva koko uthenge izinto ezongezelelweyo ngeemali ezifunyenweyo. Ngale ndlela, kuya kwenzeka ukubuyisela ibhalansi yepotfoliyo yotyalo-mali. Ebudeni bonyaka, izabelo zibonise ukukhula – zenyuka kwixabiso kunye nesabelo sabo kwipotfoliyo, ngokulandelanayo, yanda. Ukuze kugcinwe inzuzo, kufuneka kuqala uthengise inxalenye yezabelo, kwaye emva koko uthenge izinto ezongezelelweyo ngeemali ezifunyenweyo. Ngale ndlela, kuya kwenzeka ukubuyisela ibhalansi yepotfoliyo yotyalo-mali. Ebudeni bonyaka, izabelo zibonise ukukhula – zenyuka kwixabiso kunye nesabelo sabo kwipotfoliyo, ngokulandelanayo, yanda. Ukuze kugcinwe inzuzo, kufuneka kuqala uthengise inxalenye yezabelo, kwaye emva koko uthenge izinto ezongezelelweyo ngeemali ezifunyenweyo. Ngale ndlela, kuya kwenzeka ukubuyisela ibhalansi yepotfoliyo yotyalo-mali.

Umngcipheko wepotfoliyo yotyalo-mali ngokuthe ngqo kuxhomekeke ekwahlulweni kweediphozithi zibe ngamacandelo anamandla kunye nolondolozo.

Umzekelo wokuqokelela izabelo zeenkampani ezaziwayo kunye nabavelisi. Akuyimfuneko ukugxila kwiinkampani zasekhaya, kungcono ukwahlula:

Enye ingcebiso yabaqalayo yile ukumisela iinjongo zemali ezinokufezekiswa. Yiyo loo nto umxholo weenketho ezahlukeneyo zepotfoliyo unokwahluka. Ungavula iiakhawunti ezininzi ezahlukeneyo ngaxeshanye kwaye uzenze. Imizekelo:

1. Iakhawunti yomhlalaphantsi . Ivulwa ngenjongo yokuvelisa ingeniso eyongezelelweyo emva kokuthatha umhlalaphantsi. Kule meko, kucetyiswa ukuba uyifake kwisiseko sempahla kunye neebhondi zeenkampani ezinkulu ezikwazi ukubonisa ukubuyisela okuphezulu nangona emva kweminyaka eyi-15-20. Umzekelo: ipotifoliyo yotyalo-mali yeVTB okanye iSberbank.
2. I-akhawunti yabantwana – apha kufuneka ubeke injongo ethile kuwe: imfundo, ukuthenga i-real estate kwiminyaka eyi-10-15. Uphawu: ukwakheka kwenzeka kusetyenziswa isitokhwe esinomngcipheko omkhulu (iinkampani zobuchwepheshe).
3. Iindleko ezinokubakho zolunye ukhetho lweakhawunti. Iinjongo zokuvula: ukuthengwa okuncinci okanye okuphakathi, ukulungiswa, ukuhamba. Kungcono ukhethe iibhondi ezinokukhula okufutshane. Isivuno kunye nexabiso lezi ziqinisekiso kufuneka zaziwe kwangaphambili.

Umzekelo wokwenziwa kwepotfoliyo yotyalo-mali enokuqalisa kwangoko ukusebenzela umnini wayo: Abaqalayo kwinkqubo yokwenziwa kweepotfoliyo banokwenza iimpazamo. Kwi-90% yamatyala, bafuna ukuyizalisa ngeentlobo ezininzi ze-asethi kanye. Abarhwebi bacebisa ukuba bakhethe olu khetho:

• Iibhondi – iintlobo ezi-5.
• Iimali – iintlobo ezi-5.
• Izabelo zenkampani – iintlobo ezili-10

Ukuqulunqa ipotifoliyo yotyalo-mali yesitokhwe kunye neebhondi – ipotfoliyo ye-ETFs kwi-Moscow Exchange: https://youtu.be/HRwdC8eDAqA Izitokhwe zodwa akufanele zikhethwe, ngakumbi ngaphandle kokuphononongwa ngokucokisekileyo kwe-dynamics kunye nokuqonda kwangaphambili oko kwenzekayo. emarikeni ngoku. Ukuba ujongana nomba wokubunjwa kweephothifoliyo ngokungalunganga, ngoko ingozi yelahleko enkulu yemali yanda ngamaxesha angama-2-3. Ukurhweba ngemali yomthengisi kwakhona akukhuthazwa kubaqalayo. Ukurhweba ngomda yinkqubo yokuthenga ii-asethi ngemali efunyenwe ngokuthe ngqo kumthengisi. Ukungabi namava, umtyalo-mali uthatha ingozi, kuba xa kwenzeka ukuba ukuthengiselana kungaphumeleli, umthengisi unelungelo lokuvala izikhundla. Umzekelo xa ufuna ukugcina isixa esibalulekileyo (umhlala-phantsi okanye ukuthenga okukhulu):

Imigaqo yokwenza ipotifoliyo yotyalo-mali – indlela yokwenza ipotifoliyo yotyalo-mali?

Kwakhona kuyimfuneko ukuqwalasela imigaqo jikelele yokwenza ipotifoliyo yotyalo-mali. Kubalulekile ukukwazi ukubeka ngokuchanekileyo eyona njongo iphambili yezemali. Umgaqo wokwakheka unezigaba ezininzi:

1. Chaza isixa kunye nemigaqo yokuqokelela. Ngokomzekelo, i-ruble ye-4,500,000 kwiminyaka eyi-2.5 yokuthengwa okulandelayo kwendlu yelizwe.
2. Gqiba ukuba yimalini eza kutsalwa nyanga nganye kutyalo-mali. Umzekelo, i-5% yomvuzo weqabane ngalinye. Apha kuninzi kuxhomekeke kwinjongo ebekwe ngaphambili. Eyona ndlela ingcono kukusebenzisa isixhobo sokubala ukubala ukuba yimalini na ekufuneka uyigcine ngokwahlula isixa-mali sisonke ngenani leenyanga.
3. Dlula isicatshulwa emngciphekweni. Kuya kunceda ukugqiba ukuba esi salathisi siphezulu kangakanani. Ngenxa yoko, kuya kwenzeka ukubala isakhiwo esifanelekileyo. Ukubunjwa kwepotfoliyo akuxhomekanga kuphela kwingcaciso efunyenweyo, kodwa nakwimeko yezoqoqosho kunye nenani leminye imiba ekufuneka ithathelwe ingqalelo.

Kwakhona, izigaba zokwenza ipotifoliyo yotyalo-mali ziquka iintlobo kunye nezicwangciso zotyalo-mali. Emva kokuhamba ngawo onke la manyathelo, unokuvula iiakhawunti kwaye uqokelele impahla.

Yintoni enokubandakanywa kwipotfoliyo yotyalo-mali?

Ekubeni utyalo-mali lwepotfoliyo luyinxalenye yotyalo-mali oluqulunqwe kakuhle, lunokuquka iinxalenye ezahlukeneyo ezinokuzisa ingeniso ethile kumnini wayo. Iinketho ezinokuthi zenziwe zibandakanya:

• Izibambiso ezahlukeneyo (izitokhwe, iibhondi).
• Izabelo zeengxowa-mali zotyalo-mali.
• Imali (idola yaseMelika, iiponti, i-euro, kunye neyuan).
• Iintsimbi ezixabisekileyo (igolide, isilivere kunye neplatinam).

Ukongeza, ungatyala imali kwizixhobo zemali eziphuma kuyo. Oku kuquka iinketho okanye
ikamva . Ukuba iimali zivumela, ke i-real estate, kunye neediphozithi ezahlukeneyo, zingabandakanywa kwipotifoliyo yotyalo-mali. Abarhwebi bahlula olunye udidi olukhethekileyo – ii-asethi ezingaqhelekanga. Ezi ziquka izinto zakudala, iwayini yokuqokelela. Umngcipheko-utyalo-mali kwi-startups kunye nezinto ezintsha ezahlukeneyo. Ngokuxhomekeke kwisicwangciso esikhethiweyo, ukubunjwa kwepotfoliyo kuya kutshintsha. Uyenza njani ipotifoliyo yotyalo-mali ngo-2022, zeziphi izibambiso onokuzithenga: https://youtu.be/qYWOBxXHUlI

Iintlobo zeepotfoliyo zotyalo-mali

Ipotfoliyo yotyalo-mali enenzuzo nenobuchule inokuba yeentlobo ezahlukeneyo ngokuxhomekeke kwinjongo yotyalo-mali kunye nemeko yangaphakathi kunye nomoya womtyali-mali. Yabela:

1. Ipotfoliyo enengeniso okanye enobundlobongela . Eyona njongo yayo iphambili kukufumana inzuzo ephezulu. Uphawu: iyaguquguquka kakhulu. Kule meko, ukubunjwa kuqulunqwe ngokupheleleyo kwii-stocks kunye nesalathisi esikhulu sokukhula okunokwenzeka kwixesha elizayo. Umceli mngeni kukudlula i-Mosco Exchange Index.
2. Ipotfoliyo yehlabathi jikelele okanye elungelelanisiweyo . Ukuqulunqwa kwayo kujolise ekuboneleleni ngezinga eliphakathi lokukhula. Inokumelana okuphezulu nokuguquguquka kweemarike. Oku kungenxa yokwahluka okubanzi ngodidi lwe-asethi kunye nemali esetyenzisiweyo.
3. Ipotfoliyo elondolozayo ijolise kwimbuyekezo ephantsi, kodwa ngomngcipheko omncinci.

Ukuhanjiswa kweeklasi eziphambili ze-asethi kwi-universal medium-term and long-term portfolio kunokwahluka. Kufuneka kwakhona uthathele ingqalelo ukuba iipotifoliyo zotyalo-mali zinokwahlulwa ngezalathisi zokukhula (zinokusetyenziswa njengomzekelo wokwenziwa):

• Elula – ukubunjwa kubandakanya izibambiso ezahlukeneyo. Ukuba ziyakhula, ixabiso lepotfoliyo ngokwalo liyakhula.
• Ukukhula okuphezulu – kuqulunqwe zizibambiso zezo nkampani ezibonisa ukukhula ngokukhawuleza nangokuzinzileyo.
• Ukukhula okuphakathi – ukwakhiwa kubandakanya izibambiso zemibutho ezinezalathi zokukhula okuzinzileyo.
• Ubude obuphakathi – bunokuba namaphepha ahlukeneyo.

Ray Dalio investment portfolio – 5 ETFs eziza kuthatha indawo yayo yonke enye into: https://youtu.be/lECIUvQuf5s Into efana nale ibonakala kanjalo:
Iiphothifoliyo zengeniso, ngokulandelanayo, zihlulwe zibe zintlobo ezilandelayo: ingeniso esisigxina (ingozi encinci kunye nembuyekezo yemali ephakathi), ingeniso ephezulu – inqanaba lemingcipheko liphakathi, inzuzo iphezulu. Iipotfoliyo ezidityanisiweyo zikwakhona. Kule meko, inxalenye yempahla ekhoyo yenza inzuzo. Oku kungenxa yokunyuka kwamaxabiso. Elinye icandelo, ngokufumana izabelo kunye nenzala, lizisa nepesenti ethile yenzuzo yemali. Kufuneka kukhunjulwe ukuba xa ixabiso lenxalenye ethile ye-asethi liyancipha, ngoko imbuyekezo yelahleko yenziwa ngokunyusa ixabiso lamanye amacandelo epotfoliyo yotyalo-mali. Ipotfoliyo yotyalo-mali kaWarren Buffett-umzekelo osebenzayo wokuqulunqa ipotfoliyo yotyalo-mali: https://youtu.be/tGKvSoxJnoQ

Iinketho zokuqokelela ipotfoliyo ngokuxhomekeke kwixesha, iinjongo kunye nezinye izikhombisi

Ukuba ufuna ukufumana ingeniso eyongezelelweyo eqinisekisiweyo, ngoko kufuneka ukwazi kwangaphambili ukuba ungayenza njani ipotifoliyo yotyalo-mali kunye neengozi ezincinci ukusuka ekuqaleni kwaye ugweme iimpazamo. Phakathi kweenketho akukho mnye kwaye jikelele kubo bonke abatyali-mali abanokubakho. Umntu ngamnye ukhetha ukubunjwa komntu ngamnye, kuba akunakwenzeka ukuqikelela kwangaphambili ukuba imeko iya kuba yintoni kuqoqosho nakwicandelo lezemali. Iinketho zokuqokelela zixhomekeke kwixesha. Xa ukhetha izibambiso, kufuneka kuthathelwe ingqalelo ukuba ixesha elide lotyalo-mali, utyalo-mali oluncinci kwizabelo luxhomekeke kwiinguqu zexesha elifutshane kumaxabiso emarike. Ngexesha elifanayo, isalathisi sengeniso enokwenzeka nayo ixhomekeke kwiimpawu zexesha. Ukuba ukhetha ukhetho lokuzaliswa kweebhondi, ke imeko iya kuba ngolu hlobo lulandelayo: ixesha elide lokukhutshwa kwazo, imbuyekezo enokucingeleka kancinci. Abarhwebi batusa ukukhetha olu khetho ukuba ufuna ukusombulula imisebenzi yexesha elifutshane kwaye ubeke iinjongo ezinzima.
Iindidi zomngcipheko ekusekweni kwepotfoliyo yotyalo-mali – ephakathi, elungeleleneyo, enobundlobongela [/ caption]

Umzekelo wepotfoliyo yotyalo-mali yonyaka

Umzekelo wokuqokelela (ixesha – 1 unyaka, isivuno – malunga nama-ruble angama-50,000): iibhondi ze-ruble. Ngeenjongo zexesha elifutshane (umzekelo, ukuhamba, ukuthenga izixhobo zendlu), kungcono ukwakha iphothifoliyo ngokuyinhloko kwiibhondi ngokuvuthwa malunga nonyaka. Oku kubalulekile, ekubeni umntu uya kukwazi kwangaphambili ngokuchanekileyo (ukuya kumakhulu eeruble) imali enokufunyanwa ekugqibeleni. Kuyingozi ukuthenga izitokhwe zexesha elifutshane, kuba xa kwenzeka ukuwa, kuya kuba nzima ukubuyisela ngokukhawuleza izikhombisi. Kwiimeko ezinzima, unokuthenga izabelo kwisixa esingekho ngaphezu kwe-10% yexabiso kunye nomthamo opheleleyo wepotfoliyo yotyalo-mali. Ngoncedo lomthengisi, unokuthenga ipotifoliyo yotyalo-mali esele ilungile. Isenokuqulunqwa kwi-intanethi.

Umzekelo wepotfoliyo yotyalo-mali kwi-3-5 iminyaka

Enye inketho: ixesha elimiselweyo kule meko yiminyaka emi-3-5. Apha unokunika ukhetho kuzo zombini iibhondi kunye nesitokhwe. Isabelo sobukho babo kwipotfoliyo yi-50/50 okanye 40/60. Uphawu: okukhona ixesha lide, kokukhona sikhula isabelo sezabelo kwipotfoliyo. Apha kufuneka uthathele ingqalelo ukuba kufuneka ukwandise isalathisi senani lezabelo ngokulingana nexesha. Uphando kwinkalo yezoqoqosho lubonisa ukuba izitokhwe ziya kuqala ukwenza inzuzo kwixesha le-5-10 iminyaka. I-Balanced investment portfolio Imizekelo yeepotfoliyo zotyalo-mali ezilungeleleneyo: Ezinye zeengxowa-mali kufuneka zityalwe kwi-real estate, ezinye kubugcisa okanye iintsimbi ezixabisekileyo. Ubume ngolu hlobo lulandelayo: i-25% nganye kwi-stocks kunye neebhondi, iimali ze-real estate 15%, ezinye ii-20% kunye neentsimbi ezixabisekileyo 15%. Ipotifoliyo yotyalo-mali: umlinganiselo ochanekileyo wesitokhwe kunye neebhondi: https://youtu.be/seS4gI3oLqY Ipotfoliyo ye-50/50 yenziwe ngokulula: izitokhwe kunye neebhondi zibandakanyiwe kwiimali ezilinganayo. Isici – uhlobo ngalunye lwezibambiso kufuneka luhlulwe kwisiRashiya nakwamanye amazwe nakwimali ye-50/50. Unako ukongezelela ukukhusela utyalo-mali ukuba uthenga izibambiso ezahlukileyo ngokomngcipheko kunye nembuyekezo.
Iipotfoliyo zotyalo-mali ezihlukeneyo [/ caption] Ukuba ulwakhiwo lusekwe kutyalo-mali, ke olu hlobo lwepotfoliyo inokujongeka ngolu hlobo:

Imibuzo neempendulo

Yeyiphi eyona potfoliyo yotyalo-mali? Olu luhlobo lokhetho oluzimeleyo oluhlangabezana neenjongo, iinjongo kunye nokulindela. Ukhetho lwesicwangciso lukhethwa ngokusekelwe kwimeko yezoqoqosho, isalathisi somngcipheko kunye neengcebiso zomthengisi. Kuyimfuneko ukunika ukhetho kukhuseleko lweenkampani ezinkulu kunye namashishini anokumelana uninzi lokubonakaliswa okungalunganga kwimarike.
Yintoni utyalo-mali oluthe ngqo kunye neepotfoliyo?Kwimeko yokuqala, kuyisiko ukuthetha malunga notyalo-mali oluqala ukusebenza ngokukhawuleza. Utyalo-mali lwepotfoliyo lunzima ngakumbi, njengoko luyilelwe isiphumo sexesha elide. Kwiimeko ezininzi, utyalo-mali lwepotfoliyo luyohluka kutyalo-mali lwepotfoliyo ngokuthe ngqo ngokomthamo. Izixhobo zotyalo-mali lwepotfoliyo: izibambiso zamatyala (kubandakanywa hayi iibhondi kuphela, kodwa namanqaku esithembiso), kunye nezabelo. Utyalo-mali lwepotfoliyo lubalelwa ixesha elifutshane kunolo oluthe ngqo. Kufuneka kukhunjulwe ukuba banamandla okuhlawula amatyala. Utyalo-mali lwepotfoliyo lujolise ekwenzeni inzuzo, eyenziwa ngokufumana inzala okanye izabelo. Kufuneka kwakhona kuthathelwe ingqalelo ukuba umtyalo-mali akabeki njengomsebenzi wakhe oyintloko ulawulo lweshishini okanye iprojekthi ethile apho imali yakhe ityalwe khona. Ipotfoliyo yotyalo-mali yindlela yanamhlanje yophindaphinda iimali ezityaliwe. Umtyalo-mali othatha isigqibo sokwenza ukhetho olunenzuzo kufuneka adibanise ukuba afunde imeko yezoqoqosho kungekuphela nje kwilizwe, kodwa nakwihlabathi. Kuya kufuneka enze umsebenzi ocokisekileyo kunye nobuchule kunye namacandelo ahlukeneyo emarike. Ukongeza, kuya kufuna ucwangciso olucingisisiweyo. Ngenxa yale njongo, ukhetho olucokisekileyo lwee-asethi lwenziwa, olubandakanya iinketho ezininzi. Kufuneka bahlangabezane nemihla ebekiweyo kunye neenjongo. Ukuba zonke izigaba zenziwa ngokuhambelana nemigaqo, ngoko ipotifoliyo yotyalo-mali iya kuba nenzuzo. Akukho mngcipheko kumtyali-mali kule meko. Ukuba asithatheli ngqalelo izalathi zokwenyani zoqoqosho, ilahleko inokubaluleka. Abarhwebi banokukunceda ukhethe eyona ndlela ilungileyo. Kucetyiswa ukuba uqhagamshelane nabo ngaphambi kokuthengwa kwezabelo,