Kodi mbiri yazachuma ndi chiyani, ma portfolio investments 2024

Kwa 90% ya anthu amasiku ano, chinthu chofunikira komanso chofunikira ndikusunga kapena kuwonjezeka kwa ndalama zaulere. Pali njira zosiyanasiyana zopangira ndalama zopindulitsa, koma imodzi yokha mwa njira zodziwika bwino ndiyo kupanga mbiri yandalama. Musanayambe mapangidwe ake, m`pofunika kudziwa mbali ya ndondomeko. Njira yabwino ndiyo kusankha zitetezo zopindulitsa kwambiri pazachuma. Muyeneranso kudziwa zomwe ziwembu, njira ndi njira zopangira izo zilipo.

Kodi mbiri yazachuma ndi chiyani – pulogalamu yophunzirira kwa oyamba kumene

Malingana ndi zotsatira za kafukufuku pa mutu wa ndalama, zimadziwika kwa ambiri kuti chiphunzitso chamakono chinawonekera mmbuyo mu 1952 ndipo kuyambira nthawi imeneyo yakhala ikukula ndikukula bwino, ikukonzekera zenizeni za zofunikira ndi momwe chuma chikuyendera. Musanayambe kusankha, ndikofunikira kumvetsetsa tsatanetsatane wa momwe ndalama zimagwirira ntchito, zomwe zimapangidwira. Dongosolo lazachuma liyenera kuwonedwa ngati chida chandalama chosavuta komanso chapamwamba chomwe chimabweretsa ndalama zokhazikika komanso zotsimikizika kwa eni ake. Posankha njira yoyenera, tikulimbikitsidwa kuti tiganizire chinthu chimodzi chofunikira: ndalama zoyendetsera ndalama zimatha kusiyana malinga ndi kuchuluka kwa chiopsezo. Muyeneranso kulingalira za zolosera za phindu zomwe ali nazo, zomwe amapereka. Posankha gulu loyenera la katundu, wobwereketsa (akhoza kukhala munthu wamba) azitha kugwiritsa ntchito bwino njira yomwe yakhazikitsidwa kuti alandire ndalama zina. [id id mawu = “attach_12004” align = “aligncenter” wide = “450”]
Risk Curve[/mawu]

Investment mbiri kwa oyamba kumene

Gawo loyamba lazachuma limafunikira kuti woyimilirayo azisamalira zambiri panthawi yosonkhanitsa. Oyamba kumene omwe akufuna kupanga ndalama ndi kubweza kwakukulu ayenera kudziwa momwe angapangire mbiri ya ndalama ndi mfundo ziti zomwe muyenera kuziganizira. Akatswiri pa nkhani ya ndalama ndi ndalama amalangiza kusankha njira zotsatirazi mapangidwe woyamba ndalama mbiri.

Kutsegula akaunti ya brokerage

Pakati pa kusinthanitsa ndi munthu (wogulitsa ndalama) padzakhala mkhalapakati –
broker . Choyamba, popanda kampani yobwereketsa, sizingagwire ntchito kuyika ndalama pazotetezedwa. Kachiwiri, broker adzakuthandizani kusankha njira yabwino yosungira ndalama, ikupatsani mwayi wogwiritsa ntchito zida zofunikira pazachuma ndi / kapena malonda. Tiyenera kukumbukira kuti nthawi zambiri ma broker samalipira chindapusa potsegula akaunti, kapena chindapusacho ndi chophiphiritsa. Ndibwino kuti muyang’ane chilolezo cha zochitika pa gawo loyamba la kuyanjana. [id id mawu = “attach_11940” align = “aligncenter” wide = “624”]
Mulingo wa otsatsa ndi kuchuluka kwa makasitomala [/ mawu] Mutha kuwona kutsimikizika kwa chilolezo patsamba lovomerezeka la Bank of Russia. Akaunti yotseguka ikhoza kukhala wamba kapena payekha. Chachiwiri, mwiniwake amalandira phindu la msonkho. Ndalama zimangokhala ma ruble 52,000 pachaka.

Kupanganso kopitilira muyeso wa Investment portfolio

Mapangidwe a ndalama zogulira ndalama amatha kuwonjezeredwa ndi ma bond kapena masheya osiyanasiyana.
Nazi malingaliro awa: muyenera kusankha magawo 20/20/60 ndalama-bonds-stocks. Ngati ma bond agulidwa, kampaniyo iyenera kubweza mtengo wa zitetezo zomwe zidzakhale nazo kumapeto kwa nthawi yomwe yatchulidwa. [id id mawu = “attach_12002” align = “aligncenter” wide = “701”]
Chitsanzo cha kusonkhanitsa ndalama zogulira bwino [/ mawu] Phindu lowonjezera ndi malipiro ogwiritsira ntchito ndalama. Zokolola pama bond ndi pafupifupi 9.5%. Ndalama zogwirizanitsa zikhoza kuphatikizidwanso mu ndondomeko ya ndondomeko ya ndalama. Ndalama zomwe zimagwirizanitsa zimakhala ndi ndalama kuchokera kwa ogulitsa osiyanasiyana. Amapangidwa kuti azipeza zotsatizana ndi magawo ndi ma bond, komanso malo ogulitsa nyumba. Kwa oyamba kumene, tikulimbikitsidwa kugula gawo la mbiri – gawo. Popanga chisankho mokomera zomangira, munthu ayenera kuganizira kuti ali owopsa kwambiri pankhani ya kusakhazikika kwachuma. Muyenera kuzipeza, kutsata malamulo opangira mbiri (osapitirira 20% kwa iwo).

Tchipisi za buluu mu mbiri ya ndalama

Malo opangira ndalama kwa oyamba kumene ayenera kukhala
ndi tchipisi ta buluu – masheya amakampani akuluakulu omwe achita bwino pamsika. Magawo oterowo ndi chida chodalirika chandalama. Apa muyenera kuganizira kuti mtengo woyambira wagawo ndi pafupifupi ma ruble 3000. [id id mawu = “attach_3454” align = “aligncenter” wide = “1137”]
mawu achi Russia a blue chip[/ mawu]

Kuwonjeza masheya agawo lachiwiri kugawo lazachuma

Magawo amakampani ochokera ku “gawo lachiwiri” – amatha kuwonjezera zida zomwe zilipo kale. Chiwonetsero: amakulolani kuti mupeze zambiri, koma kuopsa kwachuma pankhaniyi kumawonjezeka. Momwe mungasonkhanitsire ndalama zoyendetsera ndalama kwa oyamba kumene, zomwe zimagulitsidwa ndi zotetezedwa zina: https://youtu.be/qiwFndRDDM Oyamba kumene ayenera kudziwa kuti pali lingaliro la “malipiro owopsa” pamsika wogulitsa. Chofunikira cha zochitikazo ndi izi: ngati, mwachitsanzo, kugula chomangira chomwe chimasonyeza zokolola za 10%, ndiye kuti mwayi wopeza phindu uli pafupi 90%. Ma broker adzakuthandizani kuwerengera zobwerera pazachuma chanu. Kuti mutenge njira yabwino kwambiri, muyenera choyamba kuyesa mayeso owopsa. Ma broker amaperekanso ma analytics ndi maphunziro apamwamba kwambiri. Lingaliro lina ndikuwunikanso mbiri ya chaka. Kupanga koyenera kwa ndalama zogulira masiku ano sikutsimikizira kuti pakapita nthawi sizingakhale zopindulitsa. Kutsimikizira panthawi yake kudzakuthandizani kupewa mavuto. Chitsanzo: Mbiri yophatikizidwa imakhala ndi ma bond 20%, ndalama 20% ndi 60% masheya. M’chaka, magawowo adawonetsa kukula – adakwera mtengo ndipo gawo lawo pagawoli, motsatira, lidakwera. Kuti mukhalebe ndi phindu, zimafunika choyamba kugulitsa gawo la magawo, ndiyeno mugule katundu wowonjezera ndi ndalama zomwe mwalandira. Mwanjira imeneyi, zidzatheka kubwezeretsanso ndalama zoyendetsera ndalama. M’chaka, magawowo adawonetsa kukula – adakwera mtengo ndipo gawo lawo pagawoli, motsatira, lidakwera. Kuti mukhalebe ndi phindu, zimafunika choyamba kugulitsa gawo la magawo, ndiyeno mugule katundu wowonjezera ndi ndalama zomwe mwalandira. Mwanjira imeneyi, zidzatheka kubwezeretsanso ndalama zoyendetsera ndalama. M’chaka, magawowo adawonetsa kukula – adakwera mtengo ndipo gawo lawo pagawoli, motsatira, lidakwera. Kuti mukhalebe ndi phindu, zimafunika choyamba kugulitsa gawo la magawo, ndiyeno mugule katundu wowonjezera ndi ndalama zomwe mwalandira. Mwanjira imeneyi, zidzatheka kubwezeretsanso ndalama zoyendetsera ndalama.

Chiwopsezo cha ndalama zogulira mwachindunji chimadalira kugawanika kwa madipoziti kukhala zigawo zaukali komanso zosunga.

Chitsanzo cha kusonkhanitsa magawo a makampani odziwika bwino ndi opanga. Sikoyenera kuyang’ana makampani apakhomo, ndi bwino kulekana:

Malangizo ena kwa oyamba kumene ndi kukhazikitsa zolinga zachuma zomwe zingatheke. Ichi ndichifukwa chake zomwe zili mumitundu yosiyanasiyana zitha kukhala zosiyana. Mutha kutsegula maakaunti angapo osiyanasiyana nthawi imodzi ndikuwapanga. Zitsanzo:

1. Akaunti yopuma pantchito . Imatsegulidwa ndi cholinga chopanga ndalama zowonjezera mukapuma pantchito. Pankhaniyi, tikulimbikitsidwa kuti tipange pamaziko a masheya ndi zomangira zamakampani akuluakulu omwe amatha kuwonetsa kubweza kwakukulu ngakhale pambuyo pa zaka 15-20. Chitsanzo: mbiri ya ndalama za VTB kapena Sberbank.
2. Akaunti ya Ana – apa muyenera kudziikira cholinga chenicheni: maphunziro, kugula nyumba mu zaka 10-15. Chidziwitso: Kupanga kumachitika pogwiritsa ntchito masheya omwe ali pachiwopsezo chachikulu (makampani aukadaulo).
3. Zowonongeka mwadzidzidzi ndi njira ina ya akaunti. Zolinga zotsegulira: zogula zazing’ono kapena zapakati, kukonza, kuyenda. Ndi bwino kusankha zomangira zomwe zimakhala ndi kukhwima kochepa. Zokolola ndi mtengo wa zotetezedwazi ziyenera kudziwidwa pasadakhale.

Chitsanzo cha kupangidwa kwa ndalama zomwe zingayambe kugwira ntchito kwa mwiniwake:

Oyamba pakupanga mapangidwe amatha kupanga zolakwika zina. Mu 90% yamilandu, amafuna kudzaza ndi mitundu ingapo yazinthu nthawi imodzi. Ma broker amalimbikitsa kuti musankhe izi:

• Zomangira – 5 mitundu.
• Ndalama – 5 mitundu.
• Magawo amakampani – 10 mitundu

Kulemba mbiri ya masheya ndi ma bond – mbiri ya ETFs pa Moscow Exchange: https://youtu.be/HRwdC8eDAqA Stocks yokha siyenera kukondedwa, makamaka popanda kuphunzira mozama za mphamvu ndi kumvetsetsa koyambirira kwa zomwe zikuchitika. pa msika tsopano. Ngati muyandikira nkhani ya mapangidwe a mbiri molakwika, ndiye kuti kuwopsa kwa kuwonongeka kwakukulu kwachuma kumawonjezeka ndi 2-3. Kugulitsa ndi ndalama za broker sikuvomerezedwanso kwa oyamba kumene. Kugulitsa m’malire ndi njira yogulira katundu ndi ndalama zolandilidwa mwachindunji kuchokera kwa broker. Popanda chidziwitso, wogulitsa ndalama amatenga zoopsa, chifukwa ngati ntchitoyo sinapambane, wogulitsa ali ndi ufulu wotseka malo. Chitsanzo pamene mukufunika kusunga ndalama zambiri (popuma pantchito kapena kugula kwakukulu):

Mfundo zopangira ndalama zopangira ndalama – momwe mungapangire mbiri yandalama?

M’pofunikanso kuganizira mfundo zambiri za kupanga mbiri ya ndalama. Ndikofunika kuti muthe kukhazikitsa bwino cholinga chachikulu chachuma. Mfundo ya mapangidwe imakhala ndi magawo angapo:

1. Tchulani kuchuluka kwa ndalama ndi mawu a kudzikundikira. Mwachitsanzo, ma ruble 4,500,000 kwa zaka 2.5 pa kugula nyumba ya dziko.
2. Sankhani ndalama zomwe zidzachotsedwe mwezi uliwonse pakugulitsa. Mwachitsanzo, 5% ya malipiro a aliyense wa okwatirana. Apa zambiri zimatengera cholinga chomwe chidakhazikitsidwa kale. Njira yabwino ndiyo kugwiritsa ntchito chowerengera kuti muwerenge kuchuluka kwa ndalama zomwe mukufunikira kuti musunge pogawa ndalama zonse ndi chiwerengero cha miyezi.
3. Perekani malemba pangozi. Zidzathandiza kudziwa kuti chizindikirochi ndi chokwera bwanji. Zotsatira zake, zidzakhala zotheka kuwerengera dongosolo labwino kwambiri. Mapangidwe a mbiriyo amadalira osati pazomwe adalandira, komanso momwe chuma chikuyendera komanso zinthu zina zambiri zomwe ziyenera kuganiziridwa.

[id caption id = “attachment_11992” align = “aligncenter” wide = “601”]
Momwe mungasonkhanitsire ndalama zogulira – Mfundo zazikuluzikulu zophatikizira ndi kupanga[/caption] Komanso, magawo opangira gawo lazachuma akuphatikiza mitundu ndi njira zoyendetsera ndalama. Mukadutsa masitepe onsewa, mutha kutsegula maakaunti ndikusonkhanitsa katundu.

Ndi chiyani chomwe chingaphatikizidwe mu mbiri ya ndalama?

Popeza kuti ndalama za portfolio ndizomwe zimapangidwira bwino, zimatha kukhala ndi magawo osiyanasiyana omwe angabweretse ndalama zina kwa eni ake. Zosankha zomwe zitha kupangidwa ndi izi:

• Zotetezedwa zosiyanasiyana (masheya, ma bond).
• Magawo a ndalama zogulitsa.
• Ndalama (US dollar, mapaundi, euro, komanso yuan).
• Zitsulo zamtengo wapatali (golide, siliva ndi platinamu).

[id id mawu = “attach_11995” align = “aligncenter” wide = “883”]
Chitsanzo cha osunga ndalama osunga ndalama ku Russian Federation[/caption] Kuphatikiza apo, mutha kuyika ndalama pazida zotengera ndalama. Izi zikuphatikizapo zosankha kapena
zam’tsogolo . Ngati ndalama zilola, ndiye kuti nyumba, komanso madipoziti osiyanasiyana, zitha kuphatikizidwa muzogulitsa. Ma broker amasiyanitsa gulu lina lapadera – katundu wakunja. Izi zikuphatikizapo zakale, vinyo wosonkhanitsa. Zowopsa – kuyika ndalama poyambira ndi zatsopano zosiyanasiyana. Kutengera ndi njira yosankhidwa, kapangidwe kake kazasintha. Momwe mungapangire mbiri yandalama ya 2022, zotetezedwa zomwe mungagule: https://youtu.be/qYWOBxXHUlI

Mitundu ya ma investment portfolio

Ndalama zopindulitsa komanso zodziwa bwino ndalama zitha kukhala zamitundu yosiyanasiyana kutengera cholinga cha ndalamazo komanso momwe akukhalira komanso momwe amachitira ndalama. Perekani:

1. Mbiri yopindulitsa kapena yamwano . Cholinga chake chachikulu ndi kupindula kwakukulu. Feature: ndizokhazikika kwambiri. Pachifukwa ichi, mapangidwewo amapangidwa kwathunthu kuchokera kuzinthu zokhala ndi chizindikiro chachikulu cha kukula kwa mtsogolo. Chovuta ndikudutsa mu Moscow Exchange Index. [id id mawu = “attach_11991” align = “aligncenter” wide = “450”] Aggressive investment portfolio[/caption]
2. Universal kapena yolinganiza mbiri . Kapangidwe kake kakufuna kupereka kukula kwapakatikati. Ili ndi kukana kwakukulu kwa kusakhazikika kwa msika. Izi zili choncho chifukwa cha kusiyanasiyana kwakukulu kwa kalasi ya katundu ndi ndalama zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito.
3. Cholinga cha Conservative Portfolio ndi kubwereranso kochepa, koma ndi chiopsezo chochepa.

[id caption id = “attachment_11988” align = “aligncenter” width = “941”]
Mitundu ya ndalama zogulira ndalama[/ mawu] Kugawa ndi magulu akuluakulu a katundu mumtundu wapadziko lonse wa nthawi yapakati ndi nthawi yayitali kungakhale kosiyana. Muyeneranso kuganizira kuti magawo azachuma amatha kugawidwa ndi zizindikiro za kukula (atha kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chitsanzo cha mapangidwe):

• Zosavuta – zolembazo zimaphatikizapo zotetezedwa zosiyanasiyana. Ngati akukula, mtengo wa mbiriyo umawonjezekanso.
• Kukula kwakukulu – kumapangidwa ndi zitetezo zamakampani omwe amawonetsa kukula mwachangu komanso kokhazikika.
• Kukula kwapang’onopang’ono – kapangidwe kake kumaphatikizapo zitetezo za mabungwe omwe ali ndi zizindikiro za kukula kosatha.
• Kutalika kwapakatikati – kumatha kukhala ndi mapepala osiyanasiyana.

[id id mawu = “attach_11996” align = “aligncenter” wide = “831”]
Investment portfolio[/caption] Ray Dalio investment portfolio – 5 ETFs yomwe idzalowe m’malo mwa china chilichonse: https://youtu.be/lECIUvQuf5s Chinachake chonga ichi chikuwoneka monga choncho:
Malipiro a ndalama, nawonso, amagawidwa m’magulu otsatirawa: ndalama zokhazikika (zoopsa zochepa ndi kubwereranso kwachuma), ndalama zambiri – mlingo wa zoopsa ndi wapakati, phindu ndilokwera. Zophatikiza zophatikiza ziliponso. Pankhaniyi, gawo la zinthu zomwe zilipo zimapanga phindu. Izi ndichifukwa chakukwera mitengo. Gawo lina, kudzera mu kulandira zopindula ndi chiwongoladzanja, limabweretsanso gawo lina la phindu lazachuma. Ziyenera kukumbukiridwa kuti pamene mtengo wa gawo lina la katundu ukuchepa, ndiye kuti malipiro otayika amapangidwa mwa kuwonjezera mtengo wa zigawo zina za ndalama zogulira. Warren Buffett’s investment portfolio – chitsanzo chothandiza pakuyika ndalama: https://youtu.be/tGKvSoxJnoQ

Zosankha zosonkhanitsira mbiri kutengera nthawi, zolinga ndi zizindikiro zina

Ngati mukufuna kulandira ndalama zowonjezera zotsimikizika, ndiye kuti muyenera kudziwa pasadakhale momwe mungapangire ndalama zokhala ndi ziwopsezo zochepa kuyambira poyambira ndikupewa zolakwika. Pakati pa zosankha palibe imodzi komanso yapadziko lonse kwa onse omwe angakhale nawo ndalama. Munthu aliyense amasankha kapangidwe kake payekha, chifukwa ndizosatheka kudziwiratu momwe zinthu zidzakhalire pazachuma komanso zachuma. Zosankha zosonkhanitsira zimatengera nthawi yake. Posankha zitetezo, ziyenera kuganiziridwa kuti nthawi yayitali yogulitsa ndalama, kuchepa kwa ndalama m’magawo kumadalira kusintha kwakanthawi kochepa kwamitengo yamsika. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, chizindikiro cha ndalama zomwe zingatheke zimadaliranso zizindikiro za nthawi. Ngati musankha njira yodzaza ndi ma bond, ndiye kuti zinthu zikhala motere: nthawi yayitali yomwe amaperekedwa, zomwe sizingadziwike pang’ono ndi zobwerera. Ma broker amalimbikitsa kusankha njira iyi ngati mukufuna kuthetsa ntchito zazifupi ndikukhazikitsa zolinga zochepa. [id id mawu = “attach_12003” align = “aligncenter” wide = “623”]
Mitundu ya ziwopsezo pakupanga mbiri yazachuma – yokhazikika, yokhazikika, yamwano [/ mawu]

Chitsanzo cha ndalama zogulira ndalama kwa chaka

Chitsanzo chosonkhanitsa (nthawi – 1 chaka, zokolola – pafupifupi ma ruble 50,000): zomangira za ruble. Zolinga zazing’ono (mwachitsanzo, kuyenda, kugula zipangizo zapakhomo), ndi bwino kumanga mbiri makamaka kuchokera ku zomangira ndi kukhwima kwa pafupifupi chaka. Izi ndizofunikira, chifukwa munthu adziwiratu ndalama zenizeni (mpaka mazana a ma ruble) zomwe zitha kulandiridwa pomaliza. Ndizowopsa kugula masheya akanthawi kochepa, chifukwa pakagwa kugwa, zidzakhala zosatheka kubwezeretsanso zizindikiro. Zikavuta kwambiri, mutha kugula magawo osapitilira 10% yamtengo wapatali komanso kuchuluka kwa ndalama zonse. Mothandizidwa ndi broker, mutha kugula mbiri yakale yopangidwa kale. Itha kupangidwanso pa intaneti.

Chitsanzo cha mbiri ya ndalama kwa zaka 3-5

Njira ina: nthawi yokhazikitsidwa pankhaniyi ndi zaka 3-5. Apa mutha kupereka zokonda ku bond ndi masheya. Gawo la kukhalapo kwawo mu mbiri ndi 50/50 kapena 40/60. Chiwonetsero: nthawi yayitali, gawo lalikulu la magawo mu mbiriyo litha kukhala. Apa muyenera kuganizira kuti muyenera kuwonjezera chizindikiro cha kuchuluka kwa magawo molingana ndi nthawi. Kafukufuku pazachuma akuwonetsa kuti masheya ayamba kupanga phindu pazaka 5-10. Zitsanzo za ndalama zoyendera bwino: Zina mwa ndalamazo ziyenera kuyikidwa muzogulitsa nyumba, zina zaluso kapena zitsulo zamtengo wapatali. Kapangidwe kake ndi motere: 25% iliyonse ya masheya ndi ma bond, ndalama zogulitsa nyumba 15%, zina 20% ndi zitsulo zamtengo wapatali 15%. Investment mbiri: gawo lolondola la masheya ndi ma bond: https://youtu.be/seS4gI3oLqY A 50/50 mbiri imapangidwa mophweka: masheya ndi ma bond akuphatikizidwa muzofanana. Mbali – mtundu uliwonse wa chitetezo uyenera kugawidwa mu Russian ndi kunja komanso kuchuluka kwa 50/50. Mutha kuwonjezeranso mabizinesi ngati mutagula zitetezo zomwe zimasiyana malinga ndi ngozi ndi kubwerera. [id id mawu = “attach_11999” align = “aligncenter” wide = “802”]
Diversified investment portfolio [/ caption] Ngati mapangidwewo atengera ndalama, ndiye kuti mtundu uwu ukhoza kuwoneka motere:

Mafunso ndi mayankho

Kodi mbiri yabwino kwambiri yoyika ndalama ndi iti? Uwu ndi mtundu wosankha womwe umakwaniritsa zolinga, zolinga ndi zoyembekeza. Njira yothetsera vutoli imasankhidwa malinga ndi momwe chuma chikuyendera, chizindikiro cha chiopsezo ndi malingaliro a broker. Ndikofunikira kupatsa zotetezedwa zamakampani akuluakulu ndi mabizinesi omwe amatha kupirira zovuta zambiri pamsika.
Kodi Investment mwachindunji ndi portfolio ndi chiyani?Poyamba, ndi chizolowezi kulankhula za ndalama zomwe zimayamba kugwira ntchito nthawi yomweyo. Kuyika ndalama za portfolio kumakhala kovuta kwambiri, chifukwa kumapangidwira kuti pakhale nthawi yayitali. Nthawi zambiri, ndalama za portfolio zimasiyana ndi ndalama zachindunji potengera kuchuluka kwake. Zida zogulira malo: zotetezedwa zangongole (kuphatikiza osati ma bond okha, komanso ma promissory notes), komanso magawo. Ndalama zogulira ma portfolio zimawerengedwa kwakanthawi kochepa kuposa zachindunji. Tiyenera kukumbukira kuti ali ndi madzi ambiri. Ndalama za portfolio zimapangidwira kupanga phindu, zomwe zimachitika polandira chiwongola dzanja kapena zopindulitsa. Ziyeneranso kuganiziridwa kuti wogulitsa ndalama samayika ngati ntchito yake yaikulu yoyang’anira bizinesi kapena ntchito inayake yomwe ndalama zake zimayikidwamo. Investment portfolio ndi njira yamakono yochulukitsira ndalama zomwe zayikidwa. Wogulitsa ndalama yemwe waganiza zopanga njira yopindulitsa ayenera kuyang’ana kuti aphunzire momwe chuma chikuyendera osati mdziko muno, komanso padziko lapansi. Ayenera kugwira ntchito mokwanira komanso mwaluso ndi magawo osiyanasiyana amsika. Kuphatikiza apo, pamafunika kulinganiza bwino. Pachifukwa ichi, kusankhidwa mosamala kwa katundu kumapangidwa, zomwe zimakhala ndi zosankha zingapo. Ayenera kukwaniritsa masiku omalizira ndi zolinga. Ngati magawo onse akuchitika motsatira malamulo, ndiye kuti ndalamazo zidzakhala zopindulitsa. Palibe zoopsa kwa Investor pankhaniyi. Ngati sitiganizira zizindikiro zenizeni za chuma, zotayika zingakhale zazikulu. Ma broker angakuthandizeni kusankha njira yabwino kwambiri. Ndibwino kuti mulankhule nawo musanagule magawo,