Chii chinonzi portfolio yekudyara, portfolio investments 2024

Kune 90% yevanhu munyika yanhasi, chinhu chakakosha uye chakakosha kuchengetedza kana kuwedzera kwemahara emari zviwanikwa. Kune nzira dzakasiyana dzekuita mari inobatsira, asi imwe chete yenzira dzinonyanya kufarirwa ndeyekugadzira portfolio yekudyara. Usati watanga kuumbwa kwayo, zvinodikanwa kuziva maitiro eiyo maitiro. Sarudzo yakanakisa ndeyekusarudza iyo yakanyanya bhenefiti securities. Iwe zvakare unofanirwa kuziva kuti ndeapi zvirongwa, nzira uye nzira dzekuzvigadzira zviripo.

Chii chinonzi investment portfolio – chirongwa chedzidzo chevanotanga

Zvinoenderana nemhedzisiro yekutsvagisa pamusoro pemusoro wekudyara, zvinozivikanwa kune vakawanda kuti dzidziso yemazuva ano yakaonekwa kumashure muna 1952 uye kubva ipapo yakangovandudza nekuvandudza, kugadzirisa kune chokwadi chezvinodiwa uye mamiriro ehupfumi. Usati watanga kusarudzwa, zvinodikanwa kuti unzwisise zvese zvese zvechii chekudyara portfolio, ndeapi maitiro ayo. Mari yekudyara inofanirwa kutariswa seti yezvishandiso zviri nyore uye zvemhando yepamusoro zvinounza mari yakagadzikana uye yakavimbiswa kumuridzi wavo. Paunosarudza sarudzo yakakodzera, zvinokurudzirwa kufunga nezvechimwe chinhu chakakosha: mari yekudyara inogona kusiyana maererano nehuwandu hwengozi. Iwe unofanirwawo kufunga kuti ndeapi fungidziro yavanayo, ndeapi mazwi ekudyara avanopa. Nekusarudza seti yakakodzera yemidziyo, mudzvanyiriri (anogona kunge ari munhuwo zvake) anozokwanisa kuita zvinobudirira iyo yakagadziridzwa portfolio zano kuitira kuti agamuchire imwe mari.

Investment portfolio yevanotanga

Yekutanga yekudyara portfolio inoda kuti investor ateerere kune dzakasiyana siyana panguva yekuunganidza. Vanotangisa vanoda kuita mainvestimenti nekudzoka kukuru vanofanirwa kuziva maitiro ekugadzira portfolio yekudyara uye kuti ndeapi mapoinzi ekubhadhara zvakanyanya. Nyanzvi mumunda wekudyara uye zvemari inokurudzira kusarudza inotevera nzira yekuumbwa kweiyo yekutanga mari portfolio.

Kuvhura account yebrokerage

Pakati pekutsinhanisa uye munhu (investor) pachava nemurevereri –
mutengesi . Chekutanga, pasina kambani yebrokerage, haishande kuisa mari muzvibatiso. Kechipiri, broker ichakubatsira iwe kusarudza yakachengeteka yekudyara sarudzo, inokupa iwe mukana wekushandisa inodiwa mari zviridzwa zvekudyara uye / kana kutengesa. Zvinofanira kurangarirwa kuti kazhinji vatengesi havabhadharisi muripo wekuvhura account, kana mubhadharo wacho unofananidzira. Zvinokurudzirwa kutarisa rezinesi rezviitiko padanho rekutanga rekudyidzana.

Kuwedzera yechipiri-tier stocks kune yekudyara portfolio

Zvikamu zvemakambani kubva ku “second tier” – vanogona kuwedzera iyo yatove iripo seti yezvibatiso. Feature: ivo vanokutendera iwe kuti uwane yakawanda, asi njodzi dzemari munyaya iyi dzinowedzera. Nzira yekuunganidza mari yekudyara kune anotanga, zvipi uye zvimwe zvivimbiso zvekugadzira: https://youtu.be/qiwFndRDDM Beginners vanofanira kuziva kuti pane pfungwa ye “muhoro wengozi” mumusika wekutengesa. Mhedzisiro yechiitiko ichi ndeyotevera: munyaya, somuenzaniso, kutenga chisungo chinoratidza chibereko che10%, ipapo mukana wekuita purofiti inenge 90%. Mabroker achakubatsira iwe kuverenga kudzoka pane yako investimendi portfolio. Kuti utore iyo yakanyanya kunaka sarudzo, iwe unofanirwa kutanga wapasa bvunzo dzengozi. Mabroker anopawo emhando yepamusoro analytics uye makosi. Imwe kurudziro ndeyekuongorora mashandiro egore. Iko kusikwa kwakaringana kwekudyara mari nhasi haisi vimbiso yekuti mushure mechinguva haizove isingaite purofiti. Kuongororwa nenguva kunobatsira kudzivirira matambudziko. Muenzaniso: Potifolio yakabatanidzwa ine 20% zvisungo, 20% mari uye 60% masheya. Mugore, zvikamu zvakaratidza kukura – zvakasimuka mumutengo uye mugove wavo mupodfolio, maererano, wakawedzera. Kuti uchengetedze purofiti, zvinotarisirwa kutanga kutengesa chikamu chezvikamu, uye wozotenga zvimwe zvinhu nemari yakagamuchirwa. Nenzira iyi, zvichave zvichigoneka kudzoreredza kuenzana kweiyo investment portfolio. Mugore, zvikamu zvakaratidza kukura – zvakasimuka mumutengo uye mugove wavo mupodfolio, maererano, wakawedzera. Kuti uchengetedze purofiti, zvinotarisirwa kutanga kutengesa chikamu chezvikamu, uye wozotenga zvimwe zvinhu nemari yakagamuchirwa. Nenzira iyi, zvichave zvichigoneka kudzoreredza kuenzana kweiyo investment portfolio. Mugore, zvikamu zvakaratidza kukura – zvakasimuka mumutengo uye mugove wavo mupodfolio, maererano, wakawedzera. Kuti uchengetedze purofiti, zvinotarisirwa kutanga kutengesa chikamu chezvikamu, uye wozotenga zvimwe zvinhu nemari yakagamuchirwa. Nenzira iyi, zvichave zvichigoneka kudzoreredza kuenzana kweiyo investment portfolio.

Ngozi yekudyara mari yakanangana nekupatsanurwa kwemadhipoziti kuita zvinhu zvine hukasha uye zvinochengetedza.

Muenzaniso wekuunganidza zvikamu zvemakambani anozivikanwa nevagadziri. Izvo hazvifanirwe kutarisa kumakambani epamba, zviri nani kupatsanura: Imwe kurudziro yevanotanga kuisa zvinangwa zvemari zvinokwanisika. Ndokusaka zvirimo zveakasiyana mapotifolio sarudzo zvingasiyana. Unogona kuvhura akati wandei maakaundi kamwechete uye woagadzira. Mienzaniso:

1. Retirement account . Inovhurwa nechinangwa chekuunza imwe mari mushure mekurega basa. Muchiitiko ichi, zvinokurudzirwa kuti zvigadzire pahwaro hwematokari uye zvisungo zvemakambani makuru anokwanisa kuratidza kudzoka kwakakwirira kunyange mushure memakore 15-20. Muenzaniso: mari yekudyara yeVTB kana Sberbank.
2. Nhoroondo yevana – pano iwe unoda kuisa chinangwa chaicho iwe pachako: dzidzo, kutenga real estate mumakore 10-15. Feature: kuumbwa kunoitika uchishandisa yakanyanya-njodzi stock (makambani etekinoroji).
3. Contingency mari ndiyo imwe account sarudzo. Zvinangwa zvekuvhura: zvidiki kana zvepakati kutora, kugadzirisa, kufamba. Zvakanakisisa kusarudza zvisungo zvine nguva pfupi. Kukohwa uye kukosha kwezvivimbiso izvi zvinofanirwa kuzivikanwa pachine nguva.

Muenzaniso wekuumbwa kweiyo mari yekudyara iyo inogona kubva yatanga kushandira muridzi wayo: Vanotangisa mukugadzirisa mapotifolio vanogona kukanganisa. Mu90% yezviitiko, vanotsvaga kuizadza nemhando dzinoverengeka dzezvinhu kamwechete. Mabroker anokurudzira kupa sarudzo kune iyi sarudzo:

• Zvisungo – 5 mhando.
• Mari – 5 mhando.
• Migove yekambani – 10 marudzi

Kuunganidza mari yekudyara yemasheya nemabhondi – portfolio yeETFs paMoscow Exchange: https://youtu.be/HRwdC8eDAqA Stocks chete haifanirwe kusarudzwa, kunyanya pasina kunyatso dzidza nezvesimba uye kunzwisisa kwekutanga kwezviri kuitika. pamusika zvino. Kana iwe ukaswedera kune nyaya yekuumbwa kwepodfolio zvisizvo, ipapo njodzi dzekurasikirwa kukuru kwemari dzinowedzera ne2-3 nguva. Kutengeserana nemari yebroker hakukurudzirwe kune vanotanga. Kutengeserana kweMargin inzira yekutenga zvinhu nemari inotambirwa zvakananga kubva kune bhuroka. Asina ruzivo, mutyairi anotora njodzi, nekuti kana chiitiko icho kutengeserana kusingabudiriri, mutengesi ane kodzero yekuvhara nzvimbo. Muenzaniso kana iwe uchida kuchengetedza yakakosha mari (yekurega basa kana kutenga hombe):

Nheyo dzekugadzira portfolio yekudyara – maitiro ekuita mari yekudyara?

Izvo zvinodiwawo kufunga nezve general misimboti yekugadzira iyo investment portfolio. Zvakakosha kukwanisa kunyatsogadzirisa chinangwa chikuru chemari. Nheyo yekuumbwa ine matanho akati wandei:

1. Taura huwandu uye mazwi ekuunganidza. Semuenzaniso, 4,500,000 rubles kwemakore 2.5 nokuda kwekutenga kunotevera kweimba yenyika.
2. Sarudza kuti imarii ichabviswa mwedzi wega wega wekudyara. Semuenzaniso, 5% yemuhoro wemumwe nemumwe wevakaroora. Pano zvakawanda zvinoenderana nechinangwa chakagadzwa kare. Nzira yakanakisa ndeyekushandisa karukureta kuverenga kuti imarii yaunoda kuchengetedza nekugovanisa huwandu hwese nenhamba yemwedzi.
3. Pfuura chinyorwa panjodzi. Ichabatsira kuona kuti chiratidzo ichi chakakwirira sei. Nekuda kweizvozvo, zvichave zvichigoneka kuverenga iyo yakakwana chimiro. Kuumbwa kwepodfolio kunobva kwete chete kune ruzivo rwakagamuchirwa, asiwo pamamiriro ehupfumi uye zvimwe zvinhu zvakawanda zvinoda kuverengwa.

Zvakare, matanho ekugadzira portfolio yekudyara anosanganisira marudzi uye nzira dzekudyara. Mushure mekufamba nematanho ese aya, unogona kuvhura maakaundi uye kuunganidza zvinhu.

Chii chinogona kuiswa muinvestment portfolio?

Sezvo portfolio investment chinhu chakanyatsogadzirwa chekudyara, chinogona kuve nezvikamu zvakasiyana zvinogona kuunza imwe mari kumuridzi wayo. Sarudzo dzinogona kuitika kubva dzavanogona kuumbwa dzinosanganisira:

• Various securities (stocks, bonds).
• Migove yemari yekutsvaga mari.
• Mari (US dollar, mapaundi, euro, uyewo yuan).
• Masimbi anokosha (goridhe, sirivheri neplatinamu).

Pamusoro pezvo, unogona kuisa mari mune zvakabva mumari zviridzwa. Izvi zvinosanganisira zvingasarudzwa kana
ramangwana . Kana mari ichibvumira, saka real estate, pamwe neakasiyana madhipoziti, anogona kuverengerwa muinvestment portfolio. Mabroker anosiyanisa chimwe chikamu chakakosha – exotic assets. Izvi zvinosanganisira zvekare, waini yekuunganidza. Risky – kuisa mari mukutanga uye akasiyana hunyanzvi. Zvichienderana nesarudzo yakasarudzwa, kuumbwa kwepodfolio kuchachinja. Maitiro ekugadzira portfolio yekudyara ye2022, ndeapi masecurities ekutenga: https://youtu.be/qYWOBxXHUlI

Mhando dzekuisa mari

A purofiti uye inokwanisa yekudyara portfolio inogona kuve yemhando dzakasiyana zvichienderana nechinangwa chekudyara uye mamiriro emukati uye hukasha hweanoisa mari. Govera:

1. Potifolio ine purofiti kana hutsinye . Chinangwa chayo chikuru ndechekuita mari yakawanda. Feature: inoshanduka zvakanyanya. Muchiitiko ichi, kuumbwa kunoumbwa zvachose kubva mumatanda ane chiratidzo chikuru chekukwanisa kukura mune ramangwana. Dambudziko nderekupfuura iyo Moscow Exchange Index.
2. Universal or balanced portfolio . Kuumbwa kwayo kunovavarira kupa mwero wepakati wekukura. Iine kupikisa kwakanyanya kumusika kusagadzikana. Izvi zvinokonzerwa nekusiyana kwakasiyana-siyana nekirasi yeasset uye mari inoshandiswa.
3. A Conservative portfolio inovavarira kudzoserwa zvishoma, asi nenjodzi shoma.

Kugoverwa nemakirasi makuru easset mune yepasi rose yepakati-yenguva yakareba uye yakareba kwenguva refu inogona kusiyana. Iwe zvakare unofanirwa kufunga nezvekuti mari yekudyara inogona kukamurwa nekukura zviratidzo (inogona kushandiswa semuenzaniso wekuumbwa):

• Nyore – kuumbwa kunosanganisira kuchengetedzwa kwakasiyana. Kana vakakura, kukosha kwepodfolio pachayo kunowedzerawo.
• Kukura kwepamusoro – kunoumbwa nekuchengetedzwa kwemakambani iwayo anoratidza kukura nekukurumidza uye kwakadzikama.
• Kukura kuri pakati nepakati – kuumbwa kunosanganisira kuchengetedzwa kwemasangano ane zviratidzo zvekukura kwakasimba.
• Hurefu hwepakati – hunogona kunge huine mapepa akasiyana.

Ray Dalio investment portfolio – 5 ETFs inotsiva zvimwe zvese: https://youtu.be/lECIUvQuf5s Chimwe chinhu chakadai chinotaridzika saizvozvo:
Income portfolios, zvakare, yakakamurwa mumhando dzinotevera: mari yekusingaperi (njodzi shoma uye avhareji yekudzoka kwemari), mari yakakwira – nhanho yenjodzi iri pakati, purofiti yakakwira. Combination portfolios inowanikwawo. Muchiitiko ichi, chikamu chemidziyo iripo inoita purofiti. Izvi zvinokonzerwa nekukwira kwemitengo. Chimwe chikamu, kuburikidza nekugamuchira kwezvikamu uye mubereko, inounzawo imwe chikamu chemari yepurofiti. Zvinofanira kurangarirwa kuti kana kukosha kwechimwe chikamu chezvinhu zvakaderera, ipapo kubhadhara kwekurasikirwa kunoitwa nekuwedzera kukosha kwezvimwe zvikamu zvekutsvaga kwekutsvaga. Warren Buffett’s investment portfolio – muenzaniso unoshanda wekugadzira mari yekudyara: https://youtu.be/tGKvSoxJnoQ

Portfolio yekuunganidza sarudzo zvichienderana nenguva, zvinangwa uye zvimwe zviratidzo

Kana iwe uchida kugashira yakawedzerwa mari yakavimbiswa, saka iwe unofanirwa kufanoziva nzira yekugadzira iyo yekuisa mari portfolio ine njodzi shoma kubva pakutanga uye kudzivirira kukanganisa. Pakati pezvisarudzo hapana imwechete uye yepasirese kune vese vangangove vatengesi. Munhu mumwe nomumwe anosarudza kuumbwa pamunhu mumwe nomumwe, sezvo zvisingabviri kufanotaura kuti chii chichave chiri mamiriro ehupfumi uye chikamu chemari. Sarudzo dzekuunganidza zvinoenderana nenguva. Paunosarudza kuchengetedzwa, inofanira kurangarirwa kuti iyo yakareba nguva yekudyara, mari shoma muzvikamu zvinoenderana nekuchinja kwenguva pfupi mumitengo yemusika. Panguva imwecheteyo, chiratidzo chemari inogona kuwanikwa zvakare zvinoenderana nezviratidzo zvenguva. Kana ukasarudza sarudzo yekuzadza nemabhondi, ipapo mamiriro acho achave anotevera: iyo yakareba nguva yavanopihwa, izvo zvisingatarisike zvishoma ndezvekudzoka. Vatengesi vanokurudzira kusarudza iyi sarudzo kana iwe uchida kugadzirisa mabasa enguva pfupi uye kuisa zvinangwa zvishoma zvakaoma.
Mhando dzenjodzi mukugadzirwa kwekudyara portfolio – ine mwero, yakaenzana, ine hutsinye [/ Caption]

Muenzaniso wekutsvaga mari kwegore

Kuunganidza muenzaniso (temu – 1 gore, goho – anenge 50,000 rubles): ruble zvisungo. Nezvinangwa zvenguva pfupi (somuenzaniso, kufamba, kutenga midziyo yemumba), zviri nani kuvaka portfolio kunyanya kubva kune zvisungo nekukura kweinenge gore. Izvi zvakakosha, sezvo munhu achaziva pachine nguva chaiyo (kusvika kumazana eRubles) mari inogona kugamuchirwa pakupedzisira. Izvo zvine njodzi kutenga masheya enguva pfupi, nekuti kana paine kudonha, zvinenge zvisingakwanisi kukurumidza kudzorera zviratidzo. Muzviitiko zvakanyanyisa, unogona kutenga migove muhuwandu husingapfuuri 10% yehuwandu uye huwandu hwehuwandu hwekutsvaga mari. Nerubatsiro rwebroker, unogona kutenga yakagadzirira-yakagadzirwa investimendi portfolio. Inogona zvakare kuunganidzwa online.

Muenzaniso wekudyara mari kwe3-5 makore

Imwe sarudzo: nguva yakatarwa munyaya iyi ndeye 3-5 makore. Pano iwe unogona kupa zvaunofarira kune ese mabhondi uye masheya. Mugove wekuvapo kwavo mune portfolio ndeye 50/50 kana 40/60. Feature: iyo nguva yakareba iyo temu, iyo yakakura chikamu chemasheya mune portfolio inogona kuva. Pano iwe unofanirwa kufungisisa kuti iwe unoda kuwedzera chiratidzo chehuwandu hwezvikamu maererano nenguva. Tsvagiridzo mumunda wezvehupfumi inoratidza kuti masheya achatanga kuita purofiti munguva ye5-10 makore. Balanced investment portfolio Mienzaniso yea balanced investment portfolios: Imwe yemari inofanira kuiswa mu real estate, imwe mu art kana simbi dzinokosha. Mamiriro acho ndeaya: 25% imwe neimwe yemasheya uye mabhondi, real estate mari 15%, dzimwe nzira 20% uye simbi dzinokosha 15%. Investment portfolio: chikamu chaicho chemasheya nemabhondi: https://youtu.be/seS4gI3oLqY A 50/50 portfolio inoumbwa zvakapusa: masheya nemabhondi zvinosanganisirwa muhuwandu hwakaenzana. Feature – yega yega mhando yekuchengetedzeka inofanirwa kukamurwa muRussia uye yekunze zvakare muhuwandu hwe50/50. Iwe unogona zvakare kuchengetedza mari kana iwe ukatenga masecurities akasiyana maererano nenjodzi uye kudzoka.
Diversified investment portfolio [/ caption] Kana kuumbwa kwacho kwakavakirwa pakudyara, saka iyi mhando yemapotifolio inogona kutaridzika seizvi:

Mibvunzo nemhinduro

Ndeipi yakanakisa investment portfolio? Iyi imhando yesarudzo yekuzviisa pasi inosangana nezvinangwa, zvinangwa uye zvinotarisirwa. Sarudzo yehurongwa inosarudzwa zvichienderana nemamiriro ehupfumi, chiratidzo chetanho yenjodzi uye zvinokurudzirwa nemutengesi. Izvo zvinodikanwa kupa sarudzo kune kuchengetedzwa kwemakambani makuru uye mabhizinesi anogona kumirisana neakawanda eakaipa kuratidzwa mumusika.
Chii chinonzi direct and portfolio investment?Muchiitiko chekutanga, itsika kutaura nezvekudyara kunotanga kushanda nekukurumidza. Portfolio investments yakanyanya kuoma, sezvo yakagadzirirwa kuita kwenguva refu. Kazhinji, mari yekudyara inosiyana kubva kune yakananga portfolio investimendi maererano nehuwandu. Portfolio investment instruments: zvikwereti zvezvikwereti (kusanganisira kwete mabhondi chete, asiwo manotsi ekuvimbisa), pamwe chete nemigove. Portfolio investments inoverengerwa kwenguva pfupi pane yakananga. Izvo zvinofanirwa kurangarirwa kuti ivo vane yakawanda liquidity. Portfolio investments inotarisirwa kuita purofiti, iyo inoitwa nekugamuchira mubereko kana migove. Izvo zvinofanirwawo kuverengerwa kuti investor haaise sebasa rake guru manejimendi ebhizinesi kana imwe purojekiti umo mari yake inoiswa mari. Mari yekudyara inzira yemazuva ano yekuwanza mari dzakaiswa mari. Munhu anodyara mari anosarudza kuumba sarudzo ine pundutso anofanira kupinda mukati kuti adzidze mamiriro ehupfumi kwete munyika chete, asiwo munyika. Achafanirwa kuita basa rakakwana uye rinokwanisa nezvikamu zvakasiyana zvemusika. Pamusoro pezvo, zvinoda kuronga zvine hungwaru. Nechinangwa ichi, kunyatsosarudzwa kwezvinhu kunoitwa, kunosanganisira akati wandei sarudzo. Vanofanira kuzadzisa nguva yakatarwa uye zvinangwa. Kana nhanho dzese dzichiitwa zvinoenderana nemitemo, ipapo mari yekuisa mari ichave inobatsira. Iko hakuna njodzi kune investor mune iyi kesi. Kana isu tisingafungi nezvezviratidzo zvechokwadi zvehupfumi, kurasikirwa kunogona kuve kwakakosha. Mabroker anogona kukubatsira kusarudza yakanakisa sarudzo. Zvinokurudzirwa kubata navo usati watengwa mashares,