Ziziphi iingxowa-mali ezihlangeneyo, iingxowa-mali ezilungileyo kakhulu, indlela yokwenza imali

I-mutual fund (PIF) yipotfoliyo yezibambiso eziqokelelwe ngumphathi wabantu abafuna ukutyala imali. Ingongoma kukuba akudingeki ukuba uqokelele iphothifoliyo ngokwakho, iingxowa-mali ezihlangeneyo ngabathathi-nxaxheba beemarike abaqeqeshiweyo (
abadayisi , izahlulo zebhanki, iinkampani zolawulo) ezivela kwiindidi ezininzi zezixhobo zemali kwaye zinika abathengi ukuba bathenge isabelo se-fund yokubambisana.

Isabelo sengxowa-mali ehlangeneyo

Xa umxhasi engena kwi-akhawunti yakhe ukuze athenge i-fund ye-mutual fund, unikwa ukhetho lweepotfoliyo ezibandakanya iibhondi kunye nezitokhwe zamacandelo ahlukeneyo: ioli kunye negesi, isinyithi, izinto eziluhlaza, i-IT kunye nabanye. Ixabiso lokuthengwa kwepotfoliyo sisabelo sengxowa-mali ehlangeneyo okanye isabelo. Inokuthengwa, ithengiswe, kwaye ide iboleke ngokufanelekileyo. Kucingelwa ukuba ixabiso lesabelo liya kukhula ngokuhamba kwexesha, ukuba isicwangciso sale ngxowa-mali siphumelele, emva kwexesha elithile umtyalo-mali unokuthengisa isabelo sakhe ngaphezu kokuthenga kwakhe kwaye enze inzuzo, ubuncinane oku. ukuba yonke into ibonakala njani kwihlabathi elifanelekileyo.

Abanini beNgxowa-mali ehlangeneyo

Iimali ze-mutual fund zilawulwa yinkampani yokulawula, ngabaqeshwa benkampani yolawulo abathatha isigqibo sokuba zeziphi izixhobo zokuthenga ngemali yabanini-zabelo ukuze baziswe izibonelelo zemali. Inkampani yolawulo liziko lemali. Kukho malunga neenkampani ezinkulu ze-50 zolawulo eRashiya, ezona zibalaseleyo ziyinxalenye yeqela elikhulu lezemali. Ngokomzekelo, iqela lezemali le-Sberbank, elibandakanya ibhanki, inkampani ye-brokerage kunye nenkampani yokulawula – i-Sberbank Asset Management.
Inkampani yolawulo inoxanduva lokudala ingxowa-mali ehlangeneyo, ulawulo lwetrasti yepropathi yengxowa-mali, yenza isigqibo ngokuthengwa, ukuthengiswa kwee-asethi zengxowa-mali, kwaye inoxanduva lokubuyisela imali kubanini-zabelo. Unokuthenga i-fund yokubambisana kungekhona ngokuthe ngqo kwinkampani yokulawula, kodwa nge-arhente, njengoko abaninzi, ngendlela, ngokuqhelekileyo benza. Ii-Agents zi: iibhanki, iinkampani ze-brokerage, kodwa zikwazi ukwenza oku ngokuthe ngqo kunye nenkampani yokulawula, kuba ngoko iya kuba noxanduva kumtyalo-mali kwizibophelelo zayo. Iinkampani ezinkulu zolawulo eRashiya ngokwexabiso le-asethi, oko kukuthi, ngexabiso lemali inkampani enayo ekulawuleni okwangoku, zezi: Sberbank Asset Management, VTB Capital Asset Management, Alfa Capital, Raiffeisen Capital, ukonga imali yomhlalaphantsi. .

Zeziphi iingxowa-mali ezihlangeneyo ezikhoyo kwaye yeyiphi inketho enokuthi ilungele bani

Ukuba umtyali-mali ucinga ngokutyala imali kwizabelo, kukho izinto ezininzi ekufuneka ziqwalaselwe:

1. Iimali ezihlangeneyo ziyahluka kwicala lotyalo-mali , oko kukuthi, kukho iimali ezifanayo ezityala imali kwizitokhwe, iibhondi, iimali, izindlu, iintsimbi ezixabisekileyo kunye nobugcisa. Kodwa kufuneka uqonde ukuba iimali ezihlangeneyo zezabelo azisoloko zithumela ikhulu leepesenti zayo yonke imali kwizabelo, njengomthetho, kukho izithintelo ezithile ezimiselweyo, umzekelo, ukuba yingxowa-mali ehlangeneyo yezabelo, ke i-80% imali kufuneka ityalwe kwizabelo, i-20% inokuwela kwiibhondi.
2. Kukho iingxowa-mali ezihlangeneyo ezixubeneyo ezityala i-50% ukuya kwi-50%. Isiqingatha sinikezelwa kwii-stocks, ezinye kwiibhondi. ERashiya, zahlulwe zibe ziingxowa-mali ezilinganayo kubatyali-mali abafanelekileyo abatyala imali kuyo nayiphi na i-asethi, kwanabo bayingozi kakhulu, kunye neengxowa-mali ezifanayo ezifumanekayo kubaphulaphuli abaninzi: abatyali-mali abangafanelekanga, okanye abatyali-mali abathengisayo. Uluhlu lwabo lwee-asethi ezikhoyo lukhawulelwe kwezona zixhobo zezimali zinobungozi.

Siyakukhumbuza ukuba iibhondi zisona sixhobo sithembekileyo
. Ngoko ke, xa umtyalo-mali eqonda apho i-mutual fund iya kutyala imali yakhe, kuyafaneleka ukuba uqhelane ne-investment declaration ye-fund mutual fund, kuba ichaza ngokucacileyo ukuba yiyiphi isabelo seemali kunye nokuba zeziphi iinkampani zolawulo ezinelungelo lokutyala imali. Ukongeza kwizixhobo apho imali yabagcini bemali ihamba khona, iimali ezihlangeneyo ziyahluka ngokuthenga nokuthengisa izabelo ngokwexesha. Kukho iindidi ezi-3 eziphambili apha:

• iingxowa-mali ezivulekileyo , izabelo ezinokuthi zithengwe kwaye zihlawulelwe ngokoqobo yonke imihla. Iimali ezinjalo zokubambisana, ngokubhekiselele kwinto yokuba imali inokuthatyathwa ngokukhawuleza kubo, ityalomali kwiimpahla ze-liquid, umzekelo, kwizabelo ze- blue chips , apho kuhlala kukho imfuno;
• ii- interval funds- iiyunithi ezinokuthengwa okanye zithengiswe ngamaxesha athile athile. Njengomthetho, oku kunokwenziwa amaxesha amaninzi ngonyaka;
• Udidi lwesithathu luvaliwe – iimali zokuphela, izabelo ezinokuthi zithengwe kuphela ngeli xesha xa ingxowa-mali isenziwa, kwaye ithengiswe xa isikhwama sivaliwe.

Uhlobo lwesibini nolwesithathu – ikhefu kunye neemali ezivaliweyo ziyakwazi ukutshala imali kwizixhobo ezincinci zolwelo, kuba zixela kwangaphambili xa abatyali-mali banokukhupha imali kubo. Kwelinye icala, izixhobo zolwelo ezincinci zinemingcipheko emininzi, kodwa kwelinye icala, zinengeniso engcono. Ngoko ke, kungcono ukuba abagcini be-conservatives bakhethe iingxowa-mali ezivulekileyo. Ukuba umtyalo-mali ulungele ukuthatha umngcipheko, ke ikhefu okanye ezivaliweyo ziya kwenza.

Singakanani isabelo esinye

Siyakukhumbuza ukuba ixabiso lesabelo liyatshintsha yonke imihla, kwaye ngokufanelekileyo kuxhomekeke ngqo kwixabiso le-asethi efunyenwe yingxowa-mali. Ingeniso yabatyali-mali iya kumiselwa ngokuba linyuswe kangakanani ixabiso lesabelo. Unokulandelela i-dynamics yexabiso lesabelo kwiwebhusayithi yeenkampani zolawulo kunye nakweminye imithombo evulekileyo. Ezi ngxowa-mali zipapasha ixabiso lesabelo yonke imihla ekupheleni kosuku, kunye nekhefu kunye nezivaliweyo ubuncinane kanye ngenyanga. Xa uthenga isabelo, umtyali-mali uhlawula iprimiyamu. Yona, kuxhomekeke kwisixa semali etyalo-mali, kunye ne-arhente apho ukuthengwa kweemali ezihlangeneyo, kunokufikelela kwi-5 ekhulwini yemali yotyalo-mali. Xa uthengisa isabelo, wenza njalo ngento ebizwa ngokuba yisaphulelo. Kuxhomekeke ekubeni umtyali-mali unesabelo ixesha elingakanani, ngokwemiqathango ethile ye-arhente. Njengomthetho, isaphulelo asidluli iipesenti ezintathu zexabiso layo.

1. Ubukho . Utyalo-mali kwiimali ezihlangeneyo lunomlinganiselo ophantsi wokungena. Unokuqala ukusuka kwi-ruble ye-1000
2. Ubungcali kulawulo . Iingcali zilawula imali yabatyali-mali. Enyanisweni, le ngxabano i-moot, kuba iingcali zobuchwepheshe ziyakwazi ukutyalomali: vula i-akhawunti, uthenge izixhobo zemali, ubeke imeko yokuvula urhwebo. Kodwa iingcali azazi ukuba zithenge ntoni ukuze ube ngusozigidi ngomso kuba, ngelishwa, iimarike zemali aziqikeleleki. Ke ngoko, ngamanye amaxesha, uPaul ingwane inokunika uqikelelo oluchanekileyo lwesitokhwe kunengcali enamava eminyaka emininzi.
3. Isivuno esiphezulu . Xa iimali ezihlangeneyo zithengiswa, umthengi uxelelwa malunga nengeniso ephezulu enokubakho, eya kuba phezulu kunengeniso kwiidiphozithi. Okokuqala, ingeniso evela kwi-mutual fund ayiqinisekiswanga nangayiphi na indlela kwaye i-mutual fund ityalomali kuhlobo oluthile lwe-asethi. Ukuba imarike ayikhuli ngelo xesha ngelixa umtyalo-mali ephethe i-mutual fund, i-mutual fund ayiyi kubonisa nayiphi na inzuzo, ngelixa inzuzo yediphozithi isalungiswa. Ngokuqhelekileyo, kulungele ukuthelekisa isivuno semali edibeneyo kungekhona ngediphozithi, kodwa ngesalathisi. Emva koko unokuqonda ukuba ulawulo olusebenzayo lunenzuzo ngakumbi – nje ukutyala imali kwisalathiso.
4. Bathetha ngeekhomishini eziphantsi , kodwa ulwazi aluhlali luyinyani. Iingxowa-mali ezihlangeneyo zilibali elixabisa kakhulu kumntu ozithengayo, kwaye, ngokuqinisekileyo, zibiza kakhulu kunokutyala imali ngokwakho.
5. Ubumanzi . Izabelo zeemali ezivulekileyo zingathengiswa nangaliphi na ixesha ngaphandle kwelahleko eyongezelelweyo, oku kuyinyaniso, kodwa ukuba sithetha ngezabelo kwizixhobo ze-liquid, ngoko oku kunokwenziwa nangaliphi na ixesha ngaphandle kwelahleko eyongezelelweyo.
6. Irhafu ekhethwayo . Ezinye iinkampani zemali zithi ngokukhula kwee-asethi zengxowa-mali, abatyali-mali banokukhululwa kwirhafu yengeniso ukuba bafumana ngaphantsi kwee-ruble zezigidi ezintathu ngonyaka kwizabelo, ukuba babambe izabelo ngaphezu kweminyaka emithathu. Oku kuyafana nakwiimarike eziqhelekileyo kunye neemarike. Ngokufanelekileyo, irhafu yengeniso ekukhuleni kwexabiso le-asethi ayihlawulwa.

Uthini umahluko phakathi kwengxowa-mali ehlangeneyo kunye ne-ETF?

Namhlanje, isixhobo se-ETF sifumana ukuthandwa
, oko kukuthi, iimali ezithengiswayo ngokutshintshiselana, zithandwa kakhulu kuneengxowa-mali ezilungileyo ze-retro-grad mutual mutual. Ukuba sithelekisa iimali ezihlangeneyo kunye nee-ETF, ke iingenelo zesibini zilele phezu komhlaba.

1. Okokuqala, bamanzi amaninzi, kulula ukuthenga, bathengwa nge-akhawunti ye-brokerage okanye sinokuyithenga kwamanye amaqonga, kukho inzuzo yerhafu.
2. Iimali ezifanayo zithengwa kwiofisi yenkampani yolawulo, kwiwebhusayithi yabo. Akunakwenzeka ukuthenga i-mutual fund ngokusebenzisa i-akhawunti ye-brokerage kunye namanye amaqonga. Eli linqaku elibi.
3. Iimali ezihlangeneyo zilawulwa ngokusebenzayo. Abaphathi bahlala bezama ukugqithisa isalathisi, ngelixa ii-ETFs ziphantse zilandele i-stock index.
4. Kwingxowa-mali ehlangeneyo, ukuba ikhomishini iphakathi kweepesenti ze-3.5, ingabali i-markups kunye nezaphulelo, ngoko kwii-ETF, iikhomishini ziphantsi. ERashiya, oku kungaphantsi kwepesenti enye, kwaye akukho mimangaliso eyongezelelweyo kufuneka ilindeleke apha.

Ezinye iingxowa-mali ezihlangeneyo zinomkhwa ombi wokutshintsha ngokukhawuleza imimiselo yabo yotyalo-mali kunye nabatyali-mali abatyala imali ‘ imali kwezinye ii-asethi, ngelixa umtyali-mali akanakwaziswa. Musa ukulindela izinto ezothusayo ezivela kwi-ETFs.

ETFs

Iingxowa-mali zotyalo-mali ziya ziphelelwa lixesha xa kufikwa kwiingxowa-mali ezihlangeneyo ezinikezela ngokutyala imali kwizixhobo zokurhweba. Kukho iindlela ezimbini ezizezinye apha:

1. Utyalo-mali kwi-ETF luhlala luyindlela enenzuzo ngakumbi kumtyali-mali kunengxowa-mali ehlangeneyo.
2. Okwesibini okunye kukuthengwa ngokuzimeleyo kwezabelo, iibhondi, ezinye izixhobo zemali : kwi-akhawunti yotyalo-mali yomntu ngamnye kutyalo-mali lwexesha elide, kwaye emva koko kufunyenwe ukutsalwa kwerhafu.

Nditsho nomtyalo-mali we-novice unokuzenzela
iphothifoliyo engekho mbi ngakumbi kunokuba abaphathi abaqeqeshiweyo bemenzela yona. Enye into kukuba oku kufuneka ube nezakhono ezithile, ukuba umtyalo-mali akanalo izakhono ezinjalo, ke kungcono ukuthenga iimali ze-ETF.

Kweyiphi imeko apho iingxowa-mali ezihlangeneyo zinokuba nomdla?

Ngokomzekelo, ukuba umntu ujonge kwi-real estate, ke iimali ezithengiswayo ze-real estate zinokuba sisixhobo esikhethekileyo kuye. Le yi-analogue yaseRashiya yamaxabiso aseMelika. Okanye iimali ezihlangeneyo ezityala imali kwizinto zobugcisa, kuba kunzima kakhulu kumtyali-mali ngaphandle kwezakhono ezithile zokutshala imali kwishishini le-IT, emva koko iimali ezihlangeneyo apha zinceda wonke umntu ofuna ukuzama kule ndawo ukwenza oku.

Utyalomali njani kwiingxowa-mali ezifanayo?

Ukuze utyalomali kwi-fund ye-mutual fund, kuya kufuneka uvule i-akhawunti kunye nomthengisi, ukuba i-akhawunti ivuliwe, ngoko ihlala ifumana ithebhu kunye noluhlu lweemali ezihlangeneyo kwaye ukhethe ezifanelekileyo. Uluvo lweengcali lulungile, kodwa lunqweneleka ukuba umtyalo-mali aqonde iziseko zezoqoqosho kwaye abe nombono malunga ne-stock market, ukuba kunokwenzeka, ngoko uqhagamshelane nomthengisi. Oku kwenza kube lula ukukhetha iPIF efanelekileyo.

Kubalulekile: jonga ubukho belayisenisi kwisiza: https://www.cbr.ru/registries/RSCI/activity_uk_if/

mutual fund isivuno rating

Iingxowa-mali ezihlangeneyo (iingxowa-mali ezihlangeneyo): yintoni kwaye isebenza njani ingxowa-mali ehlangeneyo, umlinganiselo weengxowa-mali ezilungileyo kakhulu ngenzuzo: https://youtu.be/GB_UJvUDy_s

Imali edibeneyo ye-Sberbank – yintoni isabelo kwi-Sberbank?

I-Sberbank yibhanki eyaziwayo kwaye ethembekileyo esele ikhona iminyaka engaphezu kwe-100. Kunengqiqo ukutyalomali kwibhanki enjalo, kwaye ngenxa yoko kukho iintlobo ezininzi zeengxowa-mali ezifanayo, siya kugxininisa ezona ziphambili:

1. Ingxowa- mali ye-Bond – Ilya Muromets ( https://www.sberbank.ru/ru/person/investments/pifs/fund_bond_im ). Iqulethwe ngurhulumente, umasipala, iibhondi zenkampani zabakhuphi abathembekileyo baseRussia. Ifumana ingeniso kwiintlawulo zekhuphoni kunye nokukhula kwexabiso le-asethi. Ingxowa-mali yotyalo-mali ehlangeneyo enepesenti yomngcipheko ophantsi we-0-5%, ingeniso engaphezu kokunyuka kwamaxabiso e-8-10% kunye nokungabi namali.
2. Ingxowa-mali yezabelo kunye neebhondi – iBalanced ( https://www.sberbank.ru/ru/person/investments/pifs/fund_balanced ). Ingxowa-mali edibeneyo edibeneyo idibanisa iindidi ezimbini zokhuseleko. Inzuzo evela kwinzuzo enkulu, ingeniso evela kwiibhondi. Utyalo-mali ikakhulu kwizixhobo zemali Russian, 10-20% isivuno, umngcipheko ophezulu kunye nokungabi namali.
3. I-Dobrynya Nikitich Fund ( https://www.sberbank.ru/ru/person/investments/pifs/fund_equity_dn- ) iqukethe izabelo zeenkampani zaseRashiya. Yintoni eyenza ukuba ingxowa-mali ibe yingozi kakhulu, ibe nengeniso eyi-15-20% kwaye igcine uqoqosho oluphakathi.

Utshintshiselwano lweengxowa-mali ezihlangeneyo ze-Sberbank: ngaba kufanelekile ukutyala-i-SBMX, i-SBSP, i-SBRB, i-SBCB kunye ne-SBGB iingxowa-mali ezifanayo: https://youtu.be/DBrrF-z-1do

IiNgxowa-mali ezihlangeneyo iTinkoff

Ithatha indawo ehamba phambili phakathi kwabathengisi abadumileyo, inqanaba lokuqala ngokwenani labathengi abasebenzayo kunye notyalo-mali kwiimali ezihlangeneyo zebhanki, ithathwa njengeshishini elithembekileyo neliyinzuzo.

1. Eternal RUB portfolio ( https://www.tinkoff.ru/invest/etfs/TRUR/ ) – Ingxowa-mali ityalomali kwizixhobo ezintathu, isitokhwe saseRashiya kunye neebhondi, igolide. Utyalo-mali kwizixhobo ezahlukeneyo zemali ikuvumela ukuba uthathe umngcipheko omncinci xa utyalo-mali, kodwa kwangaxeshanye kwenza kube nemveliso ephantsi ye-5-10%. Ixabiso lokungena 6.04 ruble.
2. Ingeniso engapheliyo i-USD ( https://www.tinkoff.ru/invest/etfs/TUSD/ ) – ibonelela ngotyalo-mali kwii-stocks zaseMelika, iibhondi kunye negolide kwizabelo ezintathu ezilinganayo. Isivuno ngeedola 5-10%, kunye nezinga eliphantsi lomngcipheko. Ixabiso lesabelo yi-0.2 yeedola.
3. Ingeniso engapheliyo ye-EU R ( https://www.tinkoff.ru/invest/etfs/TEUR/ ) – ibonelela ngotyalo-mali kwii-stocks zaseYurophu, iibhondi kunye negolide kwizabelo ezintathu ezilinganayo. Isivuno nge-euro 3-5%, ingozi ephantsi. Iindleko zotyalo-mali yi-0.10 euro.

IiNgxowa-mali ezihlangeneyo iAlfa Capital

Inkampani yolawulo inikezela ngohlobo olunomdla lotyalo-mali kwiinkampani ezahlukeneyo zehlabathi kunye neRashiya. Iingcali zihlalutya inkampani nganye kwaye emva koko zityala imali.

• Umthombo ( https://www.alfacapital.ru/individual/pifs/opifa_akn/ ) – umphathi ukhangela, uhlalutya amasheya athembisayo kwi-oyile kunye negesi kunye ne-petrochemical, kumacandelo emigodi. Isivuno si-15-30%.
• Izabelo ze-Liquid ( https://www.alfacapital.ru/individual/pifs/opifa_akliq/ ) – abakhuphi abakhulu baseRashiya nabangaphandle bakhethwa, kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kwemali kunye nokukhula kwamathuba. Isivuno 15-25%.
• Ibhalansi ( https://www.alfacapital.ru/individual/pifs/opif_aks/ ) – utyalo-mali kwii-stocks zaseRashiya ezilungileyo kunye neebhondi. Umngcipheko ophakathi kunye nembuyekezo ye-15-20%.

Iingxowa-mali ezihlangeneyo sisixhobo esiluncedo sotyalo-mali, njengolunye utyalo-mali, kufuneka ukhethe ngobulumko. Ngotyalo-mali kwiingxowa-mali ezihlangeneyo, umtyalo-mali akasasazeki kwizabelo zomntu ngamnye, kodwa utyala imali kwicandelo lezoqoqosho okanye kwishishini, ilizwe, izibambiso zikarhulumente kunye negolide. Ilungele kwaye iya kunceda abo bakufumanisa kunzima ukuqonda utyalo-mali okanye abafuni ukuchitha ixesha kule nto. Ukuba ukhetha inkampani yolawulo elungileyo enomgangatho ophezulu wokuthembeka, unokuzola kwiimali ezityalwe. Ukuthenga i-mutual fund, vele uye kwiwebhusayithi yomthengisi kwaye uye kwi-Investment tab, kwiimeko ezininzi kukho isihlokwana se-mutual fund, apho unokufunda ubume be-mutual fund kwaye ubale isivuno, kunye nokubala imingcipheko kutyalo-mali. Umda ophantsi wokungena unegalelo kumtsalane wesixhobo sezemali. Iindleko ze-mutual fund zihluka ukusuka kwi-ruble ezi-6 nangaphezulu, ngokuqhelekileyo i-broker okanye inkampani yolawulo ikhetha i-100 okanye i-ruble ye-1000 njengexabiso elincinci. Ngexesha elifanayo, inani lezabelo ezithengiweyo alikhawulelwanga.
Izizathu ezi-6 zokuthenga isabelo[/ caption]

Ixesha lotyalo-mali

Umtyalo-mali unokuthenga kwaye athengise isabelo ngosuku olufanayo, kodwa kufuneka uqonde ukuba ke imali ilahlekile kwiikomishini. Okukhona ubambe isabelo, kokukhona utyalo-mali lunenzuzo ngakumbi, ukukhanga ngamanani amahle anembuyekezo ephezulu, athetha ixesha le-3 okanye iminyaka emi-5, utyalo-mali lwenyanga alunakongeza kwixabiso lesabelo.

Umngcipheko

Kukho izabelo ezahlukeneyo kunye nezinga eliphantsi lomngcipheko, kodwa ke isivuno siya kuba ngaphantsi. Okukhona imbuyekezo iphezulu, kokukhona umngcipheko uphezulu. Ekubeni izixhobo zezemali azikhuselekanga ekuguquguqukeni kweemarike kwaye xa imarike iwa, ixabiso lengxowa-mali lingawa.