Niki mutuelle, amafaranga meza ya mutuelle, uburyo bwo kubona amafaranga

Ikigega cya mutuelle (PIF) ni portfolio yimigabane yakusanyijwe numuyobozi kubantu bashaka gushora imari. Ingingo ni uko udakeneye gukusanya portfolio wenyine, amafaranga ya mutuelle ni abitabiriye isoko ryumwuga (
abahuza , amabanki, amabanki, ibigo byubuyobozi) biva muburyo butandukanye bwibikoresho byimari kandi ugaha abakiriya kugura umugabane wikigega.

Umugabane wa mutuelle

Iyo umukiriya yinjiye kuri konti ye bwite kugirango agure mutuelle, ahabwa guhitamo inshingano zigizwe na bonds hamwe nububiko bwimirenge itandukanye: peteroli na gaze, gukora ibyuma, ibikoresho fatizo, IT nibindi. Igiciro cyubuguzi bwa portfolio ni umugabane wa mutuelle cyangwa umugabane. Irashobora kugurwa, kugurishwa, ndetse no gutanga ingwate uko bikwiye. Bikekwa ko igiciro cyumugabane kiziyongera mugihe, niba ingamba ziki kigega zaragaragaye ko zifite ubushobozi, nyuma yigihe runaka umushoramari ashobora kugurisha umugabane we kurenza uko yaguze kandi akunguka, byibuze ibi ni uko byose bisa mwisi nziza.

Ba nyir’ikigega

Amafaranga ya mutuelle acungwa na societe yubuyobozi, abakozi ba societe yubuyobozi nibo bahitamo ibikoresho byo kugura namafaranga yabanyamigabane kugirango babazane inyungu zamafaranga. Isosiyete icunga ni ikigo cyimari. Mu Burusiya hari ibigo binini bigera kuri 50, ibyiza muri byo bikaba bigize itsinda rinini ry’imari. Kurugero, itsinda ryimari Sberbank, ririmo banki, isosiyete ikorana nisosiyete ikora – Sberbank Asset Management.
Isosiyete icunga ishinzwe gushinga ikigega, gucunga neza umutungo w’ikigega, ifata icyemezo ku kugura, kugurisha umutungo w’ikigega, kandi ishinzwe gusubiza amafaranga abanyamigabane. Urashobora kugura mutuelle ntabwo iturutse mubigo bishinzwe imiyoborere, ariko binyuze mumukozi, nkuko benshi, nukuvuga, mubisanzwe babikora. Abakozi ni: amabanki, amasosiyete yubucuruzi, ariko birashoboka cyane kubikora muburyo butaziguye nisosiyete icunga, kuko icyo gihe izaba ishinzwe umushoramari kubyo ashinzwe. Amasosiyete akomeye mu micungire y’Uburusiya mu bijyanye n’agaciro keza k’umutungo, ni ukuvuga ku mubare w’amafaranga isosiyete ifite mu micungire muri iki gihe, ni: Imicungire y’umutungo wa Sberbank, imicungire y’umutungo wa VTB, Umurwa mukuru wa Alfa, Umurwa mukuru wa Raiffeisen, kuzigama pansiyo .

Ni ubuhe bwisungane buhari kandi ni ubuhe buryo bushobora guhuza nande

Niba umushoramari atekereza gushora imari, hari ibintu byinshi ugomba gusuzuma:

1. Amafaranga ya mutuelle aratandukanye mubyerekezo byishoramari , ni ukuvuga ko hari mutuelle ishora mububiko, ingwate, amafaranga, umutungo utimukanwa, ibyuma byagaciro nubuhanzi. Ariko ugomba kumva ko mutuelle yimigabane itajya yohereza ijana kwijana ryamafaranga yose mumigabane, nkuko bisanzwe, hariho imbogamizi zihamye, urugero, niba ari ikigega cyimigabane, noneho 80% amafaranga agomba gushorwa mumigabane, 20% arashobora kugwa kumurongo.
2. Hariho mutuelle ivanze ishora 50% kugeza 50%. Kimwe cya kabiri gihabwa ububiko, ahasigaye kuri bonds. Mu Burusiya, bagabanijwemo amafaranga ya mutuelle kubashoramari babishoboye bashora imari mumitungo iyo ari yo yose, ndetse niyo ishobora guteza akaga cyane, ndetse n’amafaranga ya mutuelle aboneka ku bantu benshi: abashoramari batujuje ibyangombwa, cyangwa abashoramari bacuruza. Urutonde rwumutungo waboneka rugarukira gusa kubikoresho byimari bishobora guteza akaga.

Turakwibutsa ko inkwano ari igikoresho cyizewe
. Kubwibyo, iyo umushoramari yumva aho mutuelle izashora amafaranga ye, birakwiye ko tumenyera imenyekanisha ryishoramari rya buri kigega cya mutuelle, kuko rivuga neza umugabane wamafaranga nicyo sosiyete zicunga zifite uburenganzira bwo gushora imari. Usibye ibikoresho aho amafaranga yababitsa ajya, amafaranga ya mutuelle aratandukanye mubijyanye no kugura no kugurisha imigabane mugihe. Hano hari ibyiciro 3 by’ingenzi:

• fungura mutuelle, imigabane yayo irashobora kugurwa no gucungurwa byukuri burimunsi. Bene ayo mafranga ya mutuelle, urebye ko amafaranga ashobora gukurwaho vuba, gushora mumitungo itimukanwa, kurugero, mugabane wa chipi yubururu , aho usanga harigihe gikenewe;
• amafaranga y’intera – ibice bishobora kugurwa cyangwa kugurishwa mugihe runaka. Nkuko bisanzwe, ibi birashobora gukorwa inshuro nyinshi mumwaka;
• Icyiciro cya gatatu gifunze -kigega cyamafaranga , imigabane yabyo irashobora kugurwa gusa mugihe ikigega cyashinzwe, ikagurishwa mugihe ikigega gifunze.

Ubwoko bwa kabiri nubwa gatatu – intera intera nifunga-amaherezo arashobora gushora imari mubikoresho bito byamazi, kuko bahanura igihe abashoramari bashobora kubikuramo amafaranga. Ku ruhande rumwe, ibikoresho bike byamazi bifite ibyago byinshi, ariko kurundi ruhande, bifite inyungu nziza. Kubwibyo, nibyiza ko abagumyabanga bahitamo gufungura imari. Niba umushoramari yiteguye gufata ibyago, noneho intera cyangwa ifunze izabikora.
Niki mutuelle mumagambo yoroshye [/ caption]

Ni kangahe umugabane umwe

Turabibutsa ko igiciro cyumugabane gihinduka burimunsi, kandi kubwibyo biterwa nigiciro cyumutungo ikigega cyabonye. Amafaranga yinjira mu bashoramari azagenwa n’igiciro cy’imigabane cyiyongereye. Urashobora gukurikirana imbaraga zigiciro cyumugabane kurubuga rwibigo bishinzwe imiyoborere no mumasoko afunguye. Aya mafranga atangaza igiciro cyimigabane burimunsi iyo umunsi urangiye, nintera nifunga byibuze rimwe mukwezi. Iyo uguze umugabane, umushoramari yishyura premium. Irashobora, bitewe numubare wamafaranga yashowe, hamwe nintumwa inyuzamo kugura mutuelle, irashobora kugera kuri 5 kwijana ryishoramari. Iyo ugurisha umugabane, ubikora hamwe nibyo bita kugabanyirizwa. Biterwa nigihe umushoramari afite umugabane, kumiterere yihariye yumukozi. Nkuko bisanzwe, kugabanuka ntikurenga bitatu kwijana ryagaciro.

1. Kuboneka . Ishoramari muri mutuelle rifite umubare muto winjira. Urashobora guhera kumafaranga 1000
2. Umwuga mu buyobozi . Abahanga bacunga amafaranga yabashoramari. Mubyukuri, iyi mpaka irakomeye, kubera ko abahanga mu bya tekinike bazi gushora imari: gufungura konti, kugura ibikoresho byimari, gushyiraho uburyo bwo gufungura ubucuruzi. Ariko abahanga ntibazi icyo kugura kugirango babe umuherwe ejo kuko, ikibabaje, amasoko yimari ntabwo asanzwe ateganijwe. Kubwibyo, rimwe na rimwe, Paul octopus irashobora gutanga ibipimo nyabyo byukuri kuruta impuguke ifite uburambe bwimyaka myinshi.
3. Umusaruro mwinshi . Iyo amafaranga ya mutuelle agurishijwe, umuguzi abwirwa kubyerekeye inyungu zishobora kuba nyinshi, zizaba zirenze izinjiza kubitsa. Ubwa mbere, amafaranga ava muri mutuelle ntabwo yemerewe muburyo ubwo aribwo bwose kandi mutuelle ishora muburyo runaka bwumutungo. Niba isoko ridakuze muri kiriya gihe mugihe umushoramari afite mutuelle, noneho mutuelle ntizerekana inyungu, mugihe inyungu yabikijwe iracyashyizweho. Muri rusange, birakwiye kugereranya umusaruro wamafaranga mutuelle atari kubitsa, ahubwo nibipimo. Noneho urashobora gusobanukirwa uburyo imiyoborere ikora yunguka cyane – gushora mubipimo.
4. Bavuga kuri komisiyo nkeya , ariko amakuru ntabwo arukuri. Amafaranga ya mutuelle ninkuru ihenze cyane kubantu bayigura, kandi, birumvikana ko bihenze cyane kuruta gushora wenyine.
5. Amazi . Umugabane wamafaranga afunguye arashobora kugurishwa mugihe icyo aricyo cyose nta gihombo cyiyongereye, ibi nukuri, ariko niba tuvuze imigabane mubikoresho byamazi, noneho ibi birashobora gukorwa mugihe icyo aricyo cyose nta gihombo cyiyongereye.
6. Umusoro wihariye . Ibigo bimwe by’imari bivuga ko hamwe n’iterambere ry’umutungo wa mutuelle, abashoramari bashobora gusonerwa umusoro ku nyungu iyo binjije amafaranga atarenga miliyoni eshatu ku mwaka ku migabane, iyo bafite imigabane mu gihe kirenze imyaka itatu. Ibi ni kimwe nisoko risanzwe nisoko ryimigabane. Kubera iyo mpamvu, umusoro ku nyungu ku izamuka ry’agaciro k’umutungo ntutangwa.

Ibikorwa remezo bya mutuelle [/ caption]

Ni irihe tandukaniro riri hagati ya mutuelle na ETF?

Uyu munsi, igikoresho cya ETF kiragenda cyamamara
, ni ukuvuga amafaranga yagurishijwe mu kuvunja, arazwi cyane kuruta amafaranga meza ya retro-grad mutuelle. Niba tugereranije mutuelle na ETFs, noneho ibyiza byikinyoma cya kabiri hejuru.

1. Ubwa mbere, birasukuye cyane, byoroshye kugura, bigurwa binyuze kuri konte ya brokerage cyangwa dushobora no kuyigura kurundi rubuga, hari ninyungu yimisoro.
2. Amafaranga ya mutuelle agurwa ku biro bya sosiyete icunga, kurubuga rwabo. Ntibishoboka kugura ikigega cya mutuelle ukoresheje konte ya brokerage hamwe nizindi mbuga. Iyi ni ingingo mbi.
3. Amafaranga ya mutuelle acungwa neza. Abayobozi bahora bagerageza kurenza indangagaciro, mugihe ETF hafi ya yose ikurikiza urutonde rwimigabane.
4. Ku bwisungane, niba komisiyo iri mu kigero cya 3.5 ku ijana, utabariyemo ibiciro n’ibigabanijwe, noneho kuri ETFs, komisiyo ziri hasi. Mu Burusiya, ibi ntibiri munsi yijana, kandi ntagikwiye gutungurwa hano.

Ni irihe tandukaniro riri hagati yikigega cya mutuelle na ETF amafaranga muyindi mitungo, mugihe umushoramari adashobora kubimenyeshwa. Ntutegereze ibintu bitunguranye muri ETFs.

ETF

Amafaranga yishoramari agenda ashaje buhoro buhoro mugihe kijyanye na mutuelle itanga gushora mubikoresho bigurishwa. Hano hari ubundi buryo bubiri:

1. Gushora imari muri ETF mubisanzwe ni inyungu yunguka kubashoramari kuruta mutuelle.
2. Ubundi buryo bwa kabiri nubuguzi bwigenga bwimigabane, ingwate, nibindi bikoresho byimari : kuri konti yishoramari kugiti cye gushora igihe kirekire, hanyuma nyuma yo kubona umusoro.

Ndetse numushoramari mushya arashobora kwihangira
portfolio ye ntakibi kirenze abayobozi babigize umwuga bamukorera. Ikindi kintu nuko kubwibyo ugomba kuba ufite ubumenyi runaka, niba umushoramari adafite ubwo buhanga, nibyiza rero kugura amafaranga ya ETF.

Ni mu buhe buryo amafaranga ya mutuelle ashobora gushimisha?

Kurugero, niba umuntu areba imitungo itimukanwa, noneho mutuelle mutuelle irashobora kuba igikoresho cyihariye kuri we. Nukuri muburusiya analogue yibiciro byabanyamerika. Cyangwa mutuelle ishora mubintu byubuhanzi, kuko biragoye rwose kumushoramari udafite ubuhanga bwihariye bwo gushora imari mubikorwa bya IT, noneho mutuelle hano ifasha abantu bose bashaka kugerageza muriki gice kubikora.

Nigute ushobora gushora imari muri mutuelle?

Kugirango ushore imari muri mutuelle, uzakenera gufungura konti hamwe na broker, niba konti ifunguye, noneho hasigaye gushakisha tab hamwe nurutonde rwamafaranga hanyuma ugahitamo igikwiye. Igitekerezo cyinzobere nicyiza, ariko birakenewe ko umushoramari yumva ibyibanze byubukungu kandi akagira igitekerezo kijyanye nisoko ryimigabane, niba bishoboka, hanyuma ubaze umuhuza. Ibi byoroshye guhitamo PIF ibereye.

Icyangombwa: reba ahari uruhushya kurubuga: https://www.cbr.ru/registries/RSCI/activity_uk_if/

igipimo cyo gutanga umusaruro

Amafaranga ya mutuelle (mutuelle): niki kandi nigute mutuelle ikora, igipimo cyamafaranga meza ya mutuelle kubwinyungu: https://youtu.be/GB_UJvUDy_s

Amafaranga ya mutuelle ya Sberbank – ni uwuhe mugabane muri Sberbank?

Sberbank ni banki izwi kandi yizewe yabayeho mu myaka irenga 100. Nibyiza gushora imari muri banki, kandi kubwibyo hari ubwoko bwinshi bwamafaranga, tuzagaragaza ibyingenzi:

1. Ikigega cy’inguzanyo – Ilya Muromets ( https://www.sberbank.ru/ru/person/investments/pifs/fund_bond_im ). Igizwe na leta, amakomine, amasosiyete yinguzanyo zitangwa nu Burusiya bwizewe. Yakira amafaranga avuye kuri coupon no kuzamuka mubiciro byumutungo. Ikigega cyo gushora imari hamwe ningaruka nke zingana na 0-5%, amafaranga yinjiza hejuru yifaranga rya 8-10% hamwe nubwishingizi buciriritse.
2. Ikigega cyimigabane ninguzanyo – Iringaniza ( https://www.sberbank.ru/ru/person/investments/pifs/fund_balanced ). Ikigega kivanze gihuza ubwoko bubiri bwimpapuro. Inyungu ivuye mu nyungu shingiro, amafaranga ava muri bonds. Ishoramari cyane mubikoresho byimari byu Burusiya, umusaruro wa 10-20%, ibyago byinshi hamwe nubworoherane buringaniye.
3. Ikigega cya Dobrynya Nikitich ( https://www.sberbank.ru/ru/person/investments/pifs/fund_equity_dn- ) kigizwe n’imigabane y’amasosiyete yo mu Burusiya. Niki gituma ikigega kigira ibyago byinshi, cyunguka 15-20% kandi kigakomeza umuvuduko muke.

Amafaranga yo guhanahana ibicuruzwa bya Sberbank: birakwiye gushora imari – SBMX, SBSP, SBRB, SBCB na SBGB mutuelle: https://youtu.be/DBRrF-z-1do

Amafaranga ya mutuelle Tinkoff

Ifite umwanya wa mbere mu bunzi bazwi cyane, iza ku mwanya wa mbere ukurikije umubare w’abakiriya bakora ndetse n’ishoramari mu mutungo wa banki, ifatwa nkubucuruzi bwizewe kandi bwunguka.

1. Iteka RUB portfolio ( https://www.tinkoff.ru/invest/etfs/TRUR/ ) – Ikigega gishora imari mubikoresho bitatu, ububiko bwuburusiya hamwe na bonds, zahabu. Gushora mubikoresho bitandukanye byimari bigufasha gufata ibyago bike mugihe ushora imari, ariko mugihe kimwe bituma itanga umusaruro muke 5-10%. Igiciro cyo kwinjiza amafaranga 6.04.
2. Amafaranga yinjiza USD ( https://www.tinkoff.ru/invest/etfs/TUSD/ ) – ateganya ishoramari mububiko bwabanyamerika, inguzanyo na zahabu mumigabane itatu ingana. Tanga amadorari 5-10%, hamwe nurwego rwo hasi rwibyago. Igiciro cyumugabane ni 0.2 $.
3. Amafaranga yinjiza burigihe EU R ( https://www.tinkoff.ru/invest/etfs/TEUR/ ) – iteganya ishoramari mububiko bwiburayi, inguzanyo na zahabu mumigabane itatu ingana. Tanga amayero 3-5%, ibyago bike. Igiciro cyishoramari ni 0.10 euro.

Inkunga ya Alfa Umurwa mukuru

Isosiyete icunga itanga ubwoko bushimishije bwishoramari mubigo bitandukanye byisi nu Burusiya. Ababigize umwuga basesengura buri sosiyete hanyuma bagashora.

• Ibikoresho ( https://www.alfacapital.ru/individual/pifs/opifa_akn/ ) – umuyobozi arashaka, asesengura imigabane yizewe muri peteroli na gaze na peteroli, ubucukuzi bw’amabuye y’agaciro. Umusaruro ni 15-30%.
• Umugabane wamazi ( https://www.alfacapital.ru/individual/pifs/opifa_akliq/ ) – hatoranijwe abantu benshi mu Burusiya n’amahanga mu mahanga, bafite imikorere myiza y’imari ndetse n’iterambere ry’iterambere. Tanga 15-25%.
• Impirimbanyi ( https://www.alfacapital.ru/umuntu ku giti cye / pifs / opif_aks / ) – ishoramari mu bubiko bwiza bw’Uburusiya. Kugereranya ibyago no kugaruka kwa 15-20%.

Amafaranga ya mutuelle nigikoresho cyoroshye cyo gushora imari, nkizindi shoramari, ugomba guhitamo neza. Mu gushora imari mu bwisungane, umushoramari ntatatanya imigabane ku giti cye, ahubwo ashora imari mu rwego rwubukungu cyangwa inganda, igihugu, impapuro za leta na zahabu. Byoroshye kandi bizafasha ababona bigoye kumenya ishoramari cyangwa badashaka kumara umwanya kuriyi. Niba uhisemo isosiyete ikora neza ifite igipimo cyizewe cyo hejuru, urashobora gutuza kumafaranga yashowe. Kugura mutuelle, gusa jya kurubuga rwabakozi hanyuma ujye kumurongo wishoramari, mubihe byinshi habaho kugabana mutuelle, ngaho urashobora kandi gusoma imiterere yikigega cya mutuelle ukabara umusaruro, kimwe no kubara ingaruka zo gushora imari. Umubare muto winjira ugira uruhare mukureshya igikoresho cyimari. Igiciro cya mutuelle kiratandukanye kuva kumafaranga 6 no hejuru, akenshi broker cyangwa isosiyete icunga ihitamo amafaranga 100 cyangwa 1000 nkumubare muto. Mugihe kimwe, umubare wimigabane yaguzwe ntabwo ugarukira. [ibisobanuro id = “umugereka_12092” align = “aligncenter” ubugari = “1628”]
Impamvu 6 zo kugura umugabane [/ caption]

Igihe cy’ishoramari

Umushoramari arashobora kugura no kugurisha umugabane kumunsi umwe, ariko ugomba kumva ko noneho amafaranga yatakaye kuri komisiyo. Igihe kinini ufite umugabane, niko inyungu zishoramari zunguka, kureshya numubare mwiza hamwe ninyungu nyinshi, bivuze igihe cyimyaka 3 cyangwa 5, ukwezi gushora ntigushobora kongerera agaciro umugabane.

Ingaruka

Hariho imigabane itandukanye hamwe nurwego rwo hasi rwibyago, ariko rero umusaruro uzaba muke. Iyo ugarutse cyane, niko ibyago byinshi. Kubera ko ibikoresho by’imari bidakingiwe n’imihindagurikire y’isoko kandi iyo isoko iguye, agaciro k’ikigega gashobora kugabanuka.