Yiziphi izimali ezihlanganyelwe, izimali ezihlangene ezihamba phambili, indlela yokwenza imali

I-mutual fund (PIF) iphothifoliyo yezibambiso eqoqwa ngumphathi wabantu abafuna ukutshala imali. Iphuzu liwukuthi awudingi ukuqoqa iphothifoliyo ngokwakho, izimali ezihlangene zingabahlanganyeli bemakethe abaqeqeshiwe (
abathengisi , izigaba zamabhange, izinkampani zokuphatha) ezivela ezinhlotsheni eziningana zamathuluzi ezezimali futhi zinikeze amakhasimende ukuthenga ingxenye yesikhwama sokubambisana.

Isabelo se-mutual fund

Lapho ikhasimende lingena ku-akhawunti yalo ukuze lithenge isikhwama sokubambisana, linikezwa ithuba lokuzikhethela amaphothifoliyo ahlanganisa amabhondi namasheya emikhakheni ehlukahlukene: uwoyela negesi, umsebenzi wensimbi, izinto zokusetshenziswa, i-IT nezinye. Intengo yokuthenga yephothifoliyo ingxenye yesikhwama sokubambisana noma isabelo. Ingathengwa, ithengiswe, futhi ifakwe nokubambisa ngokufanele. Kucatshangwa ukuthi inani lesheya lizokhula ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, uma isu lalesi sikhwama libonakala linamandla, ngemuva kwesikhathi esithile umtshali-zimali angakwazi ukuthengisa isabelo sakhe ngaphezu kokusithenga futhi enze inzuzo, okungenani lokhu konke kubukeka kanjani emhlabeni okahle.

Abanikazi Besikhwama Esihlanganyelwe

Izimali ze-mutual fund ziphethwe inkampani yokuphatha, yizisebenzi zenkampani yokuphatha ezinquma ukuthi yiziphi izinsimbi okufanele zithenge ngemali yabanikazi bamasheya ukuze balethe izinzuzo zezezimali. Inkampani yokuphatha iyisikhungo sezezimali. Kunezinkampani ezinkulu zokuphatha ezingaba ngu-50 eRussia, ezinhle kakhulu eziyingxenye yeqembu elikhulu lezezimali. Isibonelo, iqembu lezezimali le-Sberbank, elihlanganisa ibhange, inkampani yabathengi kanye nenkampani yokuphatha – I-Sberbank Asset Management.
Inkampani yabaphathi inomthwalo wemfanelo wokudala i-mutual fund, ukuphathwa kwe-trust yendawo yesikhwama, yenza isinqumo ngokuthengwa, ukudayiswa kwezimpahla zesikhwama, futhi inesibopho sokubuyisela imali kubanikazi bamasheya. Ungathenga isikhwama sokubambisana hhayi ngokuqondile enkampanini yokuphatha, kodwa nge-ejenti, njengoba abaningi, ngendlela, ngokuvamile beyenza. Ama-ejenti yilawa: amabhange, izinkampani zabathengi, kodwa kunamandla okwenza lokhu ngqo nenkampani yokuphatha, ngoba-ke izoba nesibopho kumtshali-zimali ngezibopho zayo. Izinkampani ezinkulu zokuphatha eRussia ngokwenani lempahla yengqikithi, okungukuthi, ngenani lemali inkampani enayo ekuphathweni njengamanje, yilezi: I-Sberbank Asset Management, i-VTB Capital Asset Management, i-Alfa Capital, iRaiffeisen Capital, ukonga impesheni. .

Yiziphi i-mutual funds ezikhona futhi iyiphi inketho engafanelana nobani

Uma umtshali-zimali ecabanga ukutshala imali kumasheya, kunezici ezimbalwa okufanele zicatshangelwe:

1. Izimali ezihlanganyelwe ziyahlukahluka lapho kutshalwa khona imali , okungukuthi, kunezimali ezihlanganyelwe ezitshala ezitokweni, amabhondi, izimali, izindlu, izinsimbi eziyigugu kanye nobuciko. Kodwa udinga ukuqonda ukuthi izimali ezihlangene zamasheya azihlali zithumela amaphesenti ayikhulu ayo yonke imali kumasheya, njengomthetho, kunemikhawulo ethile ehleliwe, isibonelo, uma kuyisikhwama sokubambisana samasheya, khona-ke ama-80% imali kufanele itshalwe kumasheya, u-20% ungawela kumabhondi.
2. Kukhona izikhwama ezihlangene ezixubile ezitshala u-50% kuya ku-50%. Ingxenye inikezwa amasheya, enye inikezwa amabhondi. E-Russia, zihlukaniswe zibe yizimali ezihlangene zabatshalizimali abaqeqeshiwe abatshala izimali kunoma yiziphi izimpahla, ngisho nalezo eziyingozi kakhulu, kanye nezimali ezihlangene ezitholakala kubabukeli abaningi: abatshalizimali abangafanelekile, noma abatshalizimali abathengisayo. Ibanga lazo lezimpahla ezitholakalayo likhawulelwe kumathuluzi ezezimali ayingozi kakhulu.

Sikukhumbuza ukuthi amabhondi ayithuluzi elithembeke kakhulu
. Ngakho-ke, lapho umtshali-zimali eqonda ukuthi i-mutual fund izotshala kuphi imali yakhe, kufanelekile ukujwayelana nesimemezelo sokutshala izimali sesikhwama ngasinye sokubambisana, ngoba sisho ngokucacile ukuthi iyiphi ingxenye yezimali nokuthi yiziphi izinkampani zokuphatha ezinelungelo lokutshala imali. Ngokungeziwe kumathuluzi lapho imali yabadiphozi iya khona, ama-mutual funds ayahluka ngokuphathelene nokuthenga nokudayisa amasheya ngokuya kwesikhathi. Kunezigaba ezi-3 eziyinhloko lapha:

• Open mutual funds, amasheya angathengwa futhi ahlengwe ngokoqobo nsuku zonke. Izimali ezinjalo ezihlanganyelwe, ngokubheka ukuthi imali ingathathwa ngokushesha kubo, ifaka imali yezimpahla eziwuketshezi, isibonelo, emasheya ama- chips aluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka , okuhlala kunesidingo;
• interval funds – amayunithi angathengwa noma athengiswe ngezikhathi ezithile. Njengomthetho, lokhu kungenziwa izikhathi eziningana ngonyaka;
• Isigaba sesithathu i- close-end funds, amasheya awo ngokuvamile angathengwa kuphela ngaleso sikhathi lapho kwakhiwa isikhwama, futhi adayiswe lapho isikhwama sivaliwe .

Izinhlobo zesibili nezesithathu – izikhawu kanye nezimali ezivaliwe zingakwazi ukutshala imali ezitshalweni ezincane eziwuketshezi, ngoba zibikezela ukuthi abatshalizimali bangakhipha nini imali kuzo. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, izinsimbi eziwuketshezi ezincane zinezingozi eziningi, kodwa ngakolunye uhlangothi, zinamandla okwenza inzuzo angcono. Ngakho-ke, kungcono kuma-conservatives ukukhetha ama-mutual funds avulekile. Uma umtshali-zimali ekulungele ukuthatha ingozi, khona-ke isikhawu noma abavaliwe bazokwenza. [i-id yamagama-ncazo = “okunamathiselwe_12094″ align=”aligncenter” wide=”565″]
Iyini isikhwama sokubambisana ngamagama alula[/caption]

Lingakanani isabelo esisodwa

Sikukhumbuza ukuthi intengo yesheya iyashintsha nsuku zonke, futhi ngenxa yalokho incike ngqo enanini lezimpahla ezitholwe yisikhwama. Imali engenayo yabatshalizimali izonqunywa ngokuthi inyuke kangakanani inani lentengo yamasheya. Ungakwazi ukulandelela ukuguquguquka kwentengo yesheya kuwebhusayithi yezinkampani zokuphatha nakweminye imithombo evulekile. Lezi zimali zishicilela inani lamasheya nsuku zonke ekupheleni kosuku, kanye nezikhawu nezivaliwe okungenani kanye ngenyanga. Lapho uthenga isabelo, umtshali-zimali ukhokha i-premium. It, kuye ngenani lezimali ezitshaliwe, kanye ne-ejenti okuthengwa ngayo kwezimali ezihlanganyelwe, ingafinyelela kumaphesenti angu-5 yenani lokutshalwa kwezimali. Uma uthengisa isabelo, wenza kanjalo ngalokho okubizwa ngokuthi isaphulelo. Kuya ngokuthi umtshali-zimali unesabelo isikhathi esingakanani, ngokwemibandela ethile ye-ejenti. Njengomthetho, isaphulelo asidluli amaphesenti amathathu yenani laso.

1. Ukutholakala . Ukutshalwa kwezimali ku-mutual funds kunomkhawulo ophansi wokungena. Ungaqala kusuka kuma-ruble ayi-1000
2. Ubungcweti ekuphathweni . Ochwepheshe baphatha imali yabatshalizimali. Eqinisweni, le mpikiswano ayilungile, ngoba ochwepheshe bayakwazi ukutshala izimali: vula i-akhawunti, uthenge amathuluzi ezezimali, ubeke umbandela wokuvula uhwebo. Kodwa ochwepheshe abazi ukuthi yini okufanele bathenge ukuze ube usozigidi kusasa ngoba, ngeshwa, izimakethe zezimali azibikezeleki ngokwemvelo. Ngakho-ke, ngezinye izikhathi, uPaul the octopus anganikeza izibikezelo zesitoko ezinembe kakhulu kunochwepheshe onolwazi lweminyaka eminingi.
3. Isivuno esiphezulu . Lapho kuthengiswa izimali ezihlangene, umthengi utshelwa ngenzuzo ephezulu engaba khona, ezoba phezulu kunemali engenayo kumadiphozithi. Okokuqala, imali engenayo evela ku-mutual fund ayiqinisekisiwe nganoma iyiphi indlela futhi i-mutual fund itshala uhlobo oluthile lwempahla. Uma imakethe ingakhuli ngaleso sikhathi ngenkathi umtshali-zimali engumnikazi we-mutual fund, khona-ke i-mutual fund ngeke ibonise inzuzo, kuyilapho inzuzo yediphozi isalungisiwe. Ngokuvamile, kulungile ukuqhathanisa isivuno sezimali ezihlanganyelwe hhayi ngediphozithi, kodwa ngenkomba. Khona-ke ungakwazi ukuqonda ukuthi ukuphatha okusebenzayo kunenzuzo enkulu kangakanani – ukutshala imali kunkomba.
4. Bakhuluma ngamakhomishini aphansi , kodwa ulwazi alulona iqiniso ngaso sonke isikhathi. Izimali ezihlanganyelwe ziyindaba ebiza kakhulu kumuntu ozithengayo, futhi, vele, zibiza kakhulu kunokutshala imali uwedwa.
5. I- Liquidity . Izabelo zezimali ezivulekile zingathengiswa nganoma yisiphi isikhathi ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa okwengeziwe, lokhu kuyiqiniso, kodwa uma sikhuluma ngamasheya ezinsimbi eziwuketshezi, khona-ke lokhu kungenziwa nganoma yisiphi isikhathi ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa okwengeziwe.
6. Intela ekhethwayo . Ezinye izinkampani zezezimali zithi ngokukhula kwezimpahla ze-mutual fund, abatshalizimali bangakhululwa entela yemali engenayo uma behola ama-ruble angaphansi kwezigidi ezintathu ngonyaka ngamasheya, uma bephethe amasheya iminyaka engaphezu kwemithathu. Lokhu kuyafana nezimakethe zamasheya ezijwayelekile. Ngokufanelekile, intela yemali engenayo ekukhuleni kwenani lempahla ayikhokhelwa.

[i-id yamagama-ncazo = “okunamathiselwe_12096″ align=”aligncenter” wide=”710″]
Ingqalasizinda yesikhwama esihlanganyelwe[/caption]

Uyini umehluko phakathi kwe-mutual fund ne-ETF?

Namuhla, ithuluzi le-ETF lithola ukuthandwa
, okungukuthi, izimali ezithengiswa ngokushintshaniswa, zithandwa kakhulu kunezikhwama zakudala ze-retro-grad mutual mutual funds. Uma siqhathanisa ama-mutual funds nama-ETF, izinzuzo zesibili zilele phezulu.

1. Okokuqala, ziwuketshezi oluningi, kulula ukuzithenga, zithengwa nge-akhawunti ye-brokerage noma singazithenga nakwamanye amapulatifomu, kukhona nenzuzo yentela.
2. Izimali ezihlanganyelwe zithengwa ehhovisi lenkampani yokuphatha, kuwebhusayithi yabo. Akunakwenzeka ukuthenga isikhwama sokubambisana nge-akhawunti ye-brokerage namanye amapulatifomu. Leli yiphuzu elibi.
3. Izimali ezihlanganyelwe ziphathwa ngenkuthalo. Abaphathi bahlale bezama ukwedlula inkomba, kuyilapho ama-ETF ehlala elandela inkomba yesitoko.
4. Ukuze uthole isikhwama sokubambisana, uma ikhomishana ikububanzi bamaphesenti angu-3.5, ingabali ama-markups nezaphulelo, khona-ke kuma-ETF, amakhomishini aphansi. E-Russia, lokhu kungaphansi kwephesenti elilodwa, futhi akukho okunye okumangazayo okufanele kulindelwe lapha.

Ezinye i-mutual funds zinomkhuba omubi wokushintsha kungazelelwe imithetho yazo yokutshala izimali kanye nabatshalizimali’ imali kwezinye izimpahla, kuyilapho umtshali-zimali engase angaziswa. Ungalindeli lezi zimanga ezivela kuma-ETF.

Ama-ETF

Izimali zokutshala ziya ngokuya ziphelelwa yisikhathi uma kukhulunywa ngezimali ezihlanganyelwe ezinikezela ngokutshala kumathuluzi okuhwebelana ngawo. Kukhona ezinye izindlela ezimbili lapha:

1. Ukutshala imali ku-ETF ngokuvamile kuyindlela enenzuzo eyengeziwe kumtshali-zimali kunesikhwama sokubambisana.
2. Okunye okwesibili ukuthenga okuzimele kwamasheya, amabhondi, amanye amathuluzi ezezimali : ku-akhawunti yotshalo-mali ngayinye yotshalo-mali lwesikhathi eside, bese kuba ukwamukela okulandelayo kokubanjwa kwentela.

Ngisho nomtshali-zimali oyimfundamakhwela angakwazi ukuzakhela
iphothifoliyo engebi nakakhulu kunalokho abaphathi abaqeqeshiwe abamenzela kona. Enye into ukuthi kulokhu udinga ukuba namakhono athile, uma umtshali-zimali engenawo amakhono anjalo, kungcono ukuthenga izimali ze-ETF.

Kukusiphi isimo lapho i-mutual funds ingaba nenzalo?

Isibonelo, uma umuntu ebheka indawo ethengiswayo, khona-ke ama-mutual funds angaba yithuluzi eliyingqayizivele kuye. Lokhu empeleni i-analogue yaseRussia yamazinga aseMelika. Noma ama-mutual funds atshala imali ezintweni zobuciko, ngoba kunzima kakhulu kumtshali-zimali ngaphandle kwamakhono athile ukutshala imali embonini ye-IT, khona-ke ama-mutual funds lapha asiza wonke umuntu ofuna ukuzama kule ndawo ukwenza lokhu.

Ungatshala kanjani ku-mutual funds?

Ukuze utshale ku-mutual fund, uzodinga ukuvula i-akhawunti nomthengisi, uma i-akhawunti ivuliwe, khona-ke isala ukuthola ithebhu enohlu lwezimali ezihlanganyelwe bese ukhetha efanele. Umbono wochwepheshe muhle, kodwa kuyinto efiselekayo ukuthi umtshali-zimali aqonde izisekelo zezomnotho futhi abe nombono mayelana nemakethe yamasheya, uma kungenzeka, bese uthintana nomthengisi. Lokhu kwenza kube lula ukukhetha i-PIF efanele.

Okubalulekile: hlola ukutholakala kwelayisensi esizeni: https://www.cbr.ru/registries/RSCI/activity_uk_if/

isilinganiso sesivuno se-mutual fund

mutual fund	Veza	Iwebhusayithi
I-System Capital – Iselula	14.88%	https://sistema-capital.com/catalog/
Igolide le-URALSIB	3.66%	https://www.uralsib.ru/investments-and-insurance/ivestitsii/paevye-investitsionnye-fondy-pif-/
I-Sberbank – Imakethe yezikweletu zomhlaba wonke	2.58%	https://www.sber-am.ru/individuals/funds/
RGS-Zoloto	2.09%	https://www.rgsbank.ru/personal/investment/pif/open/
I-Raiffeisen – Igolide	2.02%	https://www.raiffeisen.ru/retail/deposit_investing/funds/
I-Gazprombank – Igolide	1.75%	https://www.gpb-am.ru/individual/pif
Ukwakhiwa okusha	1.72%	http://pif.naufor.ru/pif.asp?act=view&id=3164
I-Kapital-igolide	1.69%	http://www.kapital-pif.ru/ru/about/

Izimali ezihlanganyelwe (mutual funds): iyini futhi isebenza kanjani i-mutual fund, ukukala kwezimali ezihlanganyelwe ezihamba phambili ngenzuzo: https://youtu.be/GB_UJvUDy_s

Izimali ezihlangene ze-Sberbank – siyini isabelo ku-Sberbank?

I-Sberbank iyibhange elibonakalayo nelithembekile elikhona iminyaka engaphezu kwe-100. Kunengqondo ukutshala imali ebhange elinjalo, futhi ngenxa yalokhu kunezinhlobo eziningi zezimali ezihlanganyelwe, sizoqokomisa eziyinhloko:

1. Isikhwama sebhondi – u- Ilya Muromets ( https://www.sberbank.ru/ru/person/investments/pifs/fund_bond_im ). Iqukethe amabhondi ombuso, kamasipala, ezinkampani zabakhiphi abathembekile baseRussia. Ithola imali engenayo evela ezinkokhelweni zekhuphoni kanye nokukhula kwenani lempahla. Isikhwama sokutshala izimali esihlanganyelwe esinephesenti lengozi ephansi lika-0-5%, imali engenayo engaphezu kwe-inflation engu-8-10% kanye ne-liquidity emaphakathi.
2. Isikhwama samasheya namabhondi – Kulinganisiwe ( https://www.sberbank.ru/ru/person/investments/pifs/fund_balanced ). I-mixed mutual fund ihlanganisa izinhlobo ezimbili zezibambiso. Inzuzo evela enzuzweni yemali, imali engenayo evela kumabhondi. Itshala kakhulu kumathuluzi ezezimali aseRussia, isivuno esingu-10-20%, ubungozi obukhulu kanye ne-liquidity emaphakathi.
3. I-Dobrynya Nikitich Fund ( https://www.sberbank.ru/ru/person/investments/pifs/fund_equity_dn- ) iqukethe amasheya ezinkampani zaseRussia. Yini eyenza isikhwama sibe yingozi kakhulu, sibe nenzuzo engu-15-20% futhi sigcine i-liquidity emaphakathi.

Izimali ezihlanganyelwe ezihwebayo ze-Sberbank: ingabe kufanelekile ukutshala – SBMX, SBSP, SBRB, SBCB kanye ne-SBGB yezimali ezihlanganyelwe: https://youtu.be/DBrrF-z-1do

I-Mutual Funds Tinkoff

Inesikhundla esiphambili phakathi kwabathengi abadumile, ifaka kuqala ngokwenani lamakhasimende asebenzayo kanye nokutshalwa kwezimali ezimalini ezihlangene zebhange, kubhekwa njengebhizinisi elithembekile nelinenzuzo.

1. Iphothifoliyo ye-RUB yaphakade ( https://www.tinkoff.ru/invest/etfs/TRUR/ ) – Isikhwama sitshala amathuluzi amathathu, amasheya aseRussia namabhondi, igolide. Ukutshala izimali kumathuluzi ezezimali ahlukahlukene kukuvumela ukuthi ucabange ubungozi obuncane lapho utshala imali, kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo kwenza kube nesivuno esincane esingu-5-10%. Intengo yokungena ruble 6.04.
2. Imali engenayo engapheli i-USD ( https://www.tinkoff.ru/invest/etfs/TUSD/ ) – inikeza ukutshalwa kwezimali kumasheya aseMelika, amabhondi kanye negolide ngamasheya amathathu alinganayo. Isivuno ngamadola angu-5-10%, ngezinga eliphansi lengozi. Izindleko zesabelo ngamadola angu-0.2.
3. Imali engenayo engapheli i-EU R ( https://www.tinkoff.ru/invest/etfs/TEUR/ ) – inikeza ukutshalwa kwezimali kumasheya aseYurophu, amabhondi kanye negolide ngamasheya amathathu alinganayo. Isivuno nge-euro 3-5%, ingozi ephansi. Izindleko zokutshala izimali zingama-euro angu-0.10.

I-Mutual Funds Alfa Capital

Inkampani yokuphatha inikeza uhlobo oluthakazelisayo lokutshala izimali ezinkampanini ezihlukahlukene zomhlaba wonke naseRussia. Ochwepheshe bahlaziya inkampani ngayinye bese betshala imali.

• Insiza ( https://www.alfacapital.ru/individual/pifs/opifa_akn/ ) – umphathi ufuna, uhlaziya amasheya athembisayo kuwoyela negesi kanye ne-petrochemical, imikhakha yezimayini. Isivuno singama-15-30%.
• Amasheya e-Liquid ( https://www.alfacapital.ru/individual/pifs/opifa_akliq/ ) – abakhiphi abakhulu baseRussia nabangaphandle bayakhethwa, ngokusebenza okungcono kakhulu kwezezimali kanye namathemba okukhula. Isivuno 15-25%.
• Ibhalansi ( https://www.alfacapital.ru/individual/pifs/opif_aks/ ) – ukutshalwa kwezimali ezitokisini ezinhle kakhulu zaseRussia namabhondi. Ingozi emaphakathi kanye nokubuya kwe-15-20%.

Izimali ezihlanganyelwe ziyithuluzi lokutshala imali elilula, njengezinye izimali ezitshaliwe, udinga ukukhetha ngokuhlakanipha. Ngokutshala imali ku-mutual funds, umtshali-zimali akasabalalisi kumasheya ngamanye, kodwa utshala emkhakheni wezomnotho noma wemboni, izwe, izibambiso zikahulumeni negolide. Ilula futhi izosiza labo abakuthola kunzima ukuqonda ukutshalwa kwezimali noma abafuni ukuchitha isikhathi kulokhu. Uma ukhetha inkampani enhle yokuphatha enezinga eliphezulu lokuthembeka, ungazola ngezimali ezitshaliwe. Ukuze uthenge i-mutual fund, vele uye kuwebhusayithi yomthengisi bese uye kuthebhu ethi Investments, ezikhathini eziningi kuba nesihlokwana se-mutual fund, lapho ungafunda nesakhiwo se-mutual fund ubale isivuno, kanye nokubala ubungozi bokutshala imali. Umkhawulo ophansi wokungena unomthelela ekuthandeni kwethuluzi lezezimali. Izindleko ze-mutual fund ziyahlukahluka kusuka kuma-ruble ayi-6 nangaphezulu, ngokuvamile umthengisi noma inkampani yabaphathi ikhetha ama-ruble ayi-100 noma ayi-1000 njengenani elincane. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, inani lamasheya athengiwe alikhawulelwe. [i-id yamagama-ncazo = “okunamathiselwe_12092” align = “aligncenter” wide = “1628”]
Izizathu ezingu-6 zokuthenga isabelo[/ amazwibela]

Isikhathi sokutshala imali

Umtshali-zimali angathenga futhi athengise isabelo ngosuku olufanayo, kodwa udinga ukuqonda ukuthi izimali zilahlekile kumakhomishini. Uma ubamba isabelo isikhathi eside, utshalomali lunenzuzo enkulu, luheha ngezinombolo ezinhle ezinembuyiselo ephezulu, kusho isikhathi seminyaka emi-3 noma emi-5, ukutshalwa kwezimali kwenyanga kungase kunganezeli inani lesheya.

Ingozi

Kunamasheya ahlukene anezinga eliphansi lobungozi, kodwa-ke isivuno sizoba ngaphansi. Uma inzuzo iphezulu, ingozi iyanda. Njengoba amathuluzi ezezimali engavikelekile ekuguquguqukeni kwezimakethe nalapho imakethe iwa, inani lesikhwama lingase lehle.