Ukushintshaniswa kwe-NASDAQ: inkomba, amasheya, icaphuna indlela yokuhweba kumtshali-zimali waseRussia

Ngo-1971, i-NASDAQ yaguqula ukuphathwa kabi kwezimakethe zezimali ngokwethula i-electronic stock exchange yokuqala emhlabeni. Ngemuva kweminyaka engama-50, isibe ngesinye sezitezi ezinkulu zokuhweba emhlabeni. Namuhla, i-NASDAQ ifanekisela ukusungulwa nokukhula.

Kuyini ukushintshaniswa kwe-NASDAQ – isiteji esisebenza ngokukhethekile ngamasheya ezinkampani zobuchwepheshe obuphezulu

I-NASDAQ iyinkundla yokuhweba nge-elekthronikhi yomhlaba wonke lapho kuthengwa futhi kudayiswe khona izibambiso. Xhumanisa kuwebhusayithi esemthethweni ye-NASDAQ https://www.nasdaq.com/.

Igama liyisifinyezo esimele i-National Association of Securities Dealers Automated quote.

I-exchange ayinayo indawo yayo yokuhweba, kodwa isebenza njengewebhusayithi lapho abatshalizimali bengenza khona ukuthengiselana. Ngaphezu kwemakethe yamasheya, kusukela ngo-2021, i-NASDAQ iphinde ibe ngumnikazi futhi isebenze ukuhwebelana kwamasheya okuningana eYurophu, okuhlanganisa ukuhwebelana eCopenhagen, Helsinki, Reykjavik, Stockholm, Riga, Vilnius naseTallinn. [i-id yamagama-ncazo = “okunamathiselwe_12879″ align=”aligncenter” wide=”1237″]
Kuyini ukushintshana kwe-NASDAQ – ideshibhodi[/caption]

Umlando we-NASDAQ

Inkundla yokuhweba ngekhompyutha ye-NASDAQ ekuqaleni yathuthukiswa njengenye indlela yohlelo “lochwepheshe” olungasebenzi olwase lukhona cishe iminyaka eyikhulu. Ukuthuthuka okusheshayo kobuchwepheshe kwenze imodeli entsha ye-e-commerce yaba izinga ezimakethe emhlabeni jikelele. Njengoba bebengumholi kwezohwebo kwezobuchwepheshe selokhu baqala, izikhondlakhondla zezobuchwepheshe emhlabeni zikhethe ukubhala uhlu lwamasheya azo ku-NASDAQ ezinsukwini zayo zokuqala. Njengoba umkhakha wezobuchwepheshe ukhula ekudumeni ngeminyaka yawo-1980 nawo-1990, ukushintshana kwaba inkundla edume kakhulu yokubamba izinto kulo mkhakha. I-Dot-com crisis ngasekupheleni kwawo-1990 kuboniswa ukuphakama nokwehla kwe-Nasdaq Composite, inkomba engafanele kudidaniswe nenkundla yokuhweba ye-Nasdaq. Ngokusho kwe-American Institute of Corporate Finance, yaqala ukweqa amaphuzu ayi-1,000 ngoJulayi 1995,

Indlela yokushintshanisa

I-Nasdaq National Market ibingelinye lamazinga ama-2 akha ukushintshana. Ngayinye yalezi yayihlanganisa izinkampani ezihlangabezane nezimfuneko ezithile zokufakwa kuhlu nokulawula. I-Nasdaq-NM yayihlanganisa izimpahla eziwuketshezi ezingaba ngu-3,000 i-mid-cap kanye ne-cap enkulu. Izinga lesibili lalibizwa ngokuthi imakethe yeNasdaq SmallCap. Njengoba igama liphakamisa, ibihlanganisa izinkampani ezincane ze-cap noma izinkampani ezinamandla okukhula. Ngomhla zingama-23 kuNhlangulana wezi-2006, ukushintshana kwamemezela ukuthi kuhlukanise i-Nasdaq-NM ngezigaba ezi-2 ezihlukene, kwakha ezintsha ezi-3. Lolu shintsho lwenziwe ukuze ukushintshanisa kuhambisane nesithunzi salo samazwe ngamazwe. Ileveli ngayinye inegama elisha:

1. I-Nasdaq Capital Market, phambilini eyayaziwa ngokuthi i-Nasdaq SmallCap Market yezinkampani ezincane zamasheya.
2. I-Nasdaq Global Market, phambilini ebiyingxenye yeMakethe Kazwelonke yaseNasdaq cishe yamasheya amaphakathi ayi-1,450.
3. I-Nasdaq Global Select Market iyisigaba esisha kakhulu ebesiyingxenye ye-Nasdaq National Market futhi ihlanganisa cishe izinkampani ezinkulu eziyi-1,200.

I-NASDAQ Global Select Market Composite (NQGS):
Ukuhweba esigabeni esisha sesithathu se-Nasdaq Global Select Market kwaqala ngokusemthethweni ngoJulayi 3, 2006. Izidingo zokufakwa kuhlu nokulawula kwesigaba ngasinye seziqine kakhulu. Isibonelo, isigaba se-Global Market sidinga izinkampani ukuthi zibe:

• Izimpahla ezibonakalayo zizonke noma imali engenayo yokusebenza
• ubuncane bokusakazwa komphakathi amasheya ayi-1,100,000
• okungenani abaninimasheya abangama-400
• intengo yomnikelo okungenani engu-$4.

Yiziphi i-NASDAQ Composite, inkomba engu-100

Igama elithi “NASDAQ” lisetshenziselwa ukubhekisela ku-Nasdaq Composite Index, ehlanganisa amasheya angaphezu kuka-3,000 ezinkampani ezinkulu zobuchwepheshe kanye ne-biotech. Lapho kubalwa amanani wenkomba, kusetshenziswa indlela yokulinganisa ngemali yemakethe. Ukuze wenze lokhu, thola inani lezimpahla zenkampani ngayinye ngokuphindaphinda inombolo kanye nenani lamanje lezibambiso ezisakazwayo. Izingxenye zenkomba ezinamakepisi amakhulu emakethe zithwala isisindo esengeziwe futhi zibe nomthelela onamandla enanini le-Nasdaq Composite Index. Idatha yakamuva ye-Nasdaq Composite, i-Nasdaq 100 indices https://www.nasdaq.com/market-activity:
I-metric ibalwa ngokuqhubekayo usuku lonke, kodwa ibikwa kubasebenzisi kanye ngesekhondi. Inani lokugcina eliqinisekisiwe libikwa ngo-16:16 weseshini ngayinye yokuhweba. I-Nasdaq Composite iye yavela ngokuhamba kwesikhathi futhi isivuthiwe kakhulu, inenzuzo eyengeziwe futhi inobuchwepheshe obuncane kakhulu namuhla kunangeminyaka engu-20 edlule. Imele umkhakha womnotho othuthukayo futhi ogxile ekukhuleni. I-Nasdaq Composite Index ihlinzeka ngokuchayeka okubanzi ku-tech heavyweights banamuhla njenge-Apple, i-Microsoft ne-Amazon, futhi inikeza abatshalizimali ukuqonda okuthile nge-tech heavyweights yakusasa ngokufaka zonke izitoko ezivamile ezisohlwini lwe-Nasdaq. Isibonelo, izingcaphuno zikaNasdaq Robin Hood:
Amashadi aku-inthanethi nezingcaphuno zesitoko ku-NASDAQ zingabukwa kokuthi https://www.nasdaq.com/market-activity/stocks/:
Inkomba yesitoko se-NASDAQ, njengoba ibalwe yi-NASDAQ 100 ngokusekelwe enanini lamasheya aphezulu. Izinkampani zase-US eziyi-100: https://youtu .be/850Mmf0bkIY

Yini ethinta inkomba ye-NASDAQ

Njengama-stock indexes amaningi amakhulu, i-Nasdaq Composite inesisindo somnotho wemakethe wezingxenye zayo eziyisisekelo. Lokhu kusho ukuthi uma amasheya ezinkampani ezinkulu eshintsha, kuba nomthelela omkhulu ekusebenzeni kwenkomba kunalapho amasheya ezinkampani ezincane eshintsha.

Zingaki izinkampani ezifakiwe kunkomba

Kusukela ngomhla ka-31 Disemba 2021, inkomba ifaka phakathi izibambiso zempahla engu-3,417. Ngaso leso sikhathi, ama-46.94% ephothifoliyo akhiwa ngamasheya wabakhiphi abayi-10 abalandelayo:

• I-APPLE I.N.C.;
• I-MICROSOFT CORP;
• I-COM I.N.C.;
• I-TESLA I.N.C.;
• ALPHABET INC CL C;
• ALPHABET INC CL A;
• I-META PLATFORMS INC CL A;
• I-NVIDIA Corp.;
• I-BROADCOM INC;
• I-Adobe Inc.

I-Nasdaq Composite ihlanganisa izinkampani osekunesikhathi eside zifakwe ohlwini lokuhwebelana kusukela ekuqaleni kwayo, abasha be-IPO, izinkampani ezikhule ngokuhwebelana kwe-OTC noma zasuka kwezinye izihwebo. Inkomba ihlanganisa izibambiso ezibhaliswe e-United States futhi ezifakwe ohlwini kuphela ku-NASDAQ stock exchange. Izinhlobo ezilandelayo zezimpahla zifakiwe ekubalweni:

• amasheya ajwayelekile ezinkampani;
• Amarisidi e-American Depository (ADRs);
• amasheya ezikhwama zokutshalwa kwezindlu nezakhiwo (REIT);
• amasheya obambiswano lwezikweletu ezinomkhawulo;
• amasheya anenzuzo enenzuzo (SBI);
• target (tracking) share.

Umsebenzi Wesitoko Wangaphambi Kwemakethe:

Kusukela ngomhla ka-12/31/2021, izimpahla ezisenkomba zimelela imikhakha elandelayo :

• ubuchwepheshe bolwazi (44.55%);
• umkhakha wokuzikhethela wabathengi (16.52%);
• izinsiza zasekhaya (15.44%);
• ukunakekelwa kwezempilo (8.59%);
• ezezimali (4.52%);
• imboni (4.04%);
• izimpahla zabathengi (3.64%);
• ingcebo (1.01%);
• izinsiza (0.68%);
• amandla (0.44%).

Ngenxa yokuthi i-Nasdaq inezinkampani eziningi ezisemkhakheni wezobuchwepheshe, ikakhulukazi ezisencane nezikhula ngokushesha, i-Nasdaq Composite Index ivame ukubhekwa njenge-barometer enhle yokuthi imakethe yezobuchwepheshe yenza kahle kangakanani.

I-Nasdaq Composite ayikhawulelwe ezinkampanini ezikomkhulu lase-US, okwenza ihluke kwezinye izinkomba eziningi. Izibalo zibandakanya izimpahla zezinkampani ezimakethe ezilandelayo:

• I-USA (96.67%);
• amazwe asathuthuka (1.25%);
• iYurophu (1.14%);
• I-Asia Pacific neJapane (0.59%);
• eCanada (0.34%);
• abanye (0.02%).

Ungatshala kanjani kunkomba

Indlela elula yokutshala imali ku-Nasdaq Composite Index ukuthenga ingxenye yesikhwama senkomba. Ngokuqhathanisa imiphumela yezimakethe zezimali, ama-ETF aphindaphinda ukutshalwa kwezimali ngokuphumelelayo ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, umtshali-zimali akudingeki abe uchwepheshe emakethe yamasheya futhi azenzele amasu akhe. Ukubamba iqhaza kuma-ETF kunezinzuzo ezimbalwa:

1. Ikuvumela ukuthi unciphise isikhathi esichithwa ekufundeni isitoko ngasinye . Kunalokho, ungathembela ngokuzethemba ezinqumweni zomphathi wephothifoliyo yesikhwama.
2. Yehlisa izingozi zezimali . I-Nasdaq Composite Index ihlanganisa amasheya angaphezu kuka-3,500, okwenza kube mancane amathuba okuthi alahlekelwe kakhulu uma izinkampani eziningi zilahlekelwa inzuzo enkulu.
3. Izindleko zezimali eziphansi . Ukutshala imali kuma-ETF kubiza kakhulu kunokutshala izimali eziphethwe ngokukhuthele. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi umphathi wenza ngokwesu elaziwa ngaphambilini elisebenza ngempumelelo.
4. Izintela eziphansi . Izimali zenkomba zikhokha kahle intela uma ziqhathaniswa nezinye izimali ezitshaliwe.
5. Uhlelo olulula lokutshala imali . Ngokohlelo olulodwa, ungaqhubeka nokutshala imali nyanga zonke, ungakunaki ukukhuphuka nokwehla kwesikhashana.

Lapho ukhetha isikhwama senkomba, cabangela amaphuzu alandelayo:

• ukunemba kwezinkomba zenkomba yokulandelela;
• izindleko zabatshalizimali;
• imikhawulo ekhona.

Ukuze uthenge amasheya esikhwama senkomba esikhethiwe, kufanele uvule i-akhawunti ne-
ETF noma nomthengisi onelayisensi. Lapho unquma ukuthi iyiphi indlela yokukhetha, kufanelekile ukunaka izindleko. Abanye abadayisi bakhokhisa amakhasimende abo izimali ezengeziwe zokuthenga amasheya esikhwama senkomba, okwenza kushibhile ukuvula i-akhawunti ye-ETF. Kodwa-ke, abatshalizimali abaningi bakhetha ukugcina amadiphozithi abo ku-akhawunti eyodwa. Lokhu kulula uma umthengisi ehlela ukutshala imali kuma-ETF ahlukene.

Ungakwazi yini ukuhweba nge-NASDAQ

Umtshali-zimali waseRussia angakwazi ukuhweba ngezimpahla ze-American Holdings ngqo endaweni ye-electronic NASDAQ, efinyeleleka ngokuqondile ngabadayisi abakhulu abanelayisensi. Ngokwesibonelo, ithuba elinjalo linikezwa Finam, Sberbank, VTB, njll.

Kodwa-ke, kulokhu, kuyadingeka ukuthola isimo somtshali-zimali ofanelekayo, ukuze uqinisekise ukuthi kufanele ube nesipiliyoni sokuhweba kanye nenhloko yokuqala ye-ruble okungenani eyizigidi ezingu-6.

Abadayisi abancane bakhetha ukungena eSt. Petersburg Stock Exchange, njengoba ngokuvamile ishibhile. Kulokhu, izimpahla zingathengwa nge
-akhawunti yotshalomali yomuntu ngamunye (IIA) ebanjwayo. Ukuze uvule i-akhawunti, kufanele ubhalise kuwebhusayithi yomdayisi. Isibonelo, ku-Finam, kwanele ukulandela isixhumanisi https://trading.finam.ru/ bese ufaka idatha edingekayo efomini. Ungakwazi ukuvula
i-akhawunti yedemo emaminithini ambalwa, futhi ukuze uthole i-IIS yangempela, kuzodingeka ulungiselele iphakethe elincane lamadokhumenti bese uphetha isivumelwano nenhlangano. Ngemva kokuthola ukungena ngemvume nephasiwedi, ungangena
esigungwini sokuhweba .
Ohlwini lwamathuluzi, khetha into equkethe igama lokushintshisana kwe-NASDAQ.
Uhlu lwempahla engathengwa futhi ithengiswe luzovela kukholomu yesobunxele.
Bonke abadayisi baseRussia basebenza ngokwalesi simiso. Ungahwebelana kanjani ngokuhwebelana kwamasheya kwase-US – thenga amasheya, ikusasa nezinye izibambiso ku-NASDAQ kanye ne-NYSE: https://youtu.be/o-7VGqcf20Y

Isebenza kanjani futhi nini ukushintshaniswa kwe-NASDAQ?

Iseshini yokuhweba evamile ye-NASDAQ iqala ngo-9:30 AM futhi iphele ngo-4:00 PM Isikhathi SaseMpumalanga sibukhali. Ngemva kokuphela, indali ingabanjwa kuze kube ngu-20:00.