Utshintshiselwano lwe-NASDAQ: isalathiso, amasheya, ucaphula indlela yokurhweba kumtyalo-mali waseRashiya

Ngo-1971, i-NASDAQ yaguqula ukuphathwa kakubi kweemarike zemali ngokuzisa i-stock exchange ye-electronic yokuqala yehlabathi. Emva kweminyaka engama-50, iye yaba yenye yezona ndawo zinkulu zokurhweba kwihlabathi. Namhlanje, i-NASDAQ ifanekisela ukutsha kunye nokukhula.

Yintoni utshintsho lwe-NASDAQ – iqonga elikhethekileyo kwizabelo zeenkampani eziphezulu zobuchwepheshe

I-NASDAQ yindawo yokurhweba ye-elektroniki yehlabathi jikelele apho izibambiso zithengwa kwaye zithengiswa. Ikhonkco kwiwebhusayithi esemthethweni ye-NASDAQ https://www.nasdaq.com/.

Eli gama sisishunqulelo esimele iNtetho yeMali yeSizwe yoShishino lweZibambiso ezizenzekelayo.

Utshintshiselwano alunawo umgangatho walo wokurhweba, kodwa lusebenza njengewebhusayithi apho abatyali-mali banokwenza ukuthengiselana. Ukongeza kwimarike yemasheya, ukususela ngo-2021, i-NASDAQ ikwanayo kwaye iqhuba utshintshiselwano oluninzi eYurophu, kuquka utshintshiselwano eCopenhagen, eHelsinki, eReykjavik, eStockholm, eRiga, eVilnius naseTallinn.

Imbali yeNASDAQ

Iqonga lokurhweba ngekhompyutha ye-NASDAQ yaphuhliswa ekuqaleni njengenye indlela yenkqubo “yengcali” engasebenziyo eyayikho malunga nenkulungwane. Uphuhliso olukhawulezayo lwetekhnoloji lwenze imodeli entsha ye-e-commerce yaba ngumgangatho weemarike kwihlabathi jikelele. Ukuba ube yinkokeli kwitekhnoloji yorhwebo ukusukela ekusekweni kwayo, iingxilimbela zetekhnoloji zehlabathi zakhetha ukudwelisa izabelo zazo kwiNASDAQ kwiintsuku zayo zokuqala. Njengoko icandelo letekhnoloji likhula ekuthandeni kwiminyaka yoo-1980 kunye no-1990, utshintshiselwano lwaba lelona qonga lidumileyo lokubamba. Ingxaki yeDot-com ekupheleni kweminyaka yoo-1990 iboniswe ngokunyuka kunye nokuhla kwe-Nasdaq Composite, isalathiso esingamele sidideke kunye neqonga lokurhweba leNasdaq. Ngokwe-American Institute of Corporate Finance, yaqala ukuwela inqaku le-1,000 ngoJulayi 1995,

Indlela yokutshintshiselana

IMarike yeSizwe yaseNasdaq yayiyenye yemigangatho ye-2 eyenza utshintshiselwano. Nganye kwezi iquka iinkampani ezithe zahlangabezana neemfuno ezithile zoluhlu kunye nolawulo. I-Nasdaq-NM iqulathe i-asethi engama-3,000 ephakathi kunye ne-cap-cap enkulu. Inqanaba lesibini lalibizwa ngokuba yimarike yeNasdaq SmallCap. Njengoko igama libonisa, yayibandakanya iinkampani ezincinci okanye iinkampani ezinokukhula. NgoJuni 23, 2006, utshintshiselwano lwabhengeza ukuba lwahlulahlule i-Nasdaq-NM kwimigangatho emi-2 eyahlukeneyo, idala i-3 entsha. Utshintsho lwenziwe ukuzisa utshintshiselwano ngokuhambelana nodumo lwamazwe ngamazwe. Inqanaba ngalinye linegama elitsha:

1. I-Nasdaq Capital Market, eyayifudula ibizwa ngokuba yi-Nasdaq SmallCap Market yeenkampani ezincinci.
2. IMarike yeHlabathi yeNasdaq, eyayifudula iyinxalenye yeMarike yeSizwe yeNasdaq malunga ne-1,450 yesitokhwe esiphakathi.
3. IMarike yokuKhetha yeHlabathi yeNasdaq lelona nqanaba litsha beliyinxalenye yeMarike yeSizwe yaseNasdaq kwaye ibandakanya malunga ne-1,200 leenkampani ezinkulu ze-cap.

I-NASDAQ Global Select Market Composite (NQGS): Urhwebo
kwinqanaba lesithathu elitsha leNasdaq Global Select Market lwaqala ngokusesikweni nge-3 kaJulayi, 2006. Iimfuno zokudwelisa kunye nolawulo kwinqanaba ngalinye ziye zaba ngqongqo ngakumbi. Umzekelo, inqanaba leMarike yeHlabathi lifuna ukuba iinkampani zibe:

• Ii-asethi eziphathekayo ezishiyekileyo okanye ingeniso yokusebenza
• Ubuncinci bokujikeleziswa koluntu 1,100,000 yezabelo
• ubuncinane abaninizabelo abangama-400
• ixabiso umnikelo ubuncinane $4.

Yintoni i-NASDAQ Composite, index 100

Igama elithi “NASDAQ” likwasetyenziselwa ukubhekisela kwi-Index ye-Nasdaq Composite, equka ngaphezu kwe-3,000 ye-stocks ye-teknoloji enkulu kunye neenkampani ze-biotech. Xa ubala amaxabiso esalathisi, indlela yokulinganisa nge-capitalization yemarike isetyenziswa. Ukwenza oku, fumana ixabiso lee-asethi zenkampani nganye ngokuphindaphinda inani kunye nexabiso langoku lee-securities ezijikelezayo. Amacandelo esalathiso aneentloko zeemarike ezinkulu athwala ubunzima obuninzi kwaye abe nefuthe elinamandla kwixabiso leNasdaq Composite Index. Idatha yangoku kwi-Nasdaq Composite, i-Nasdaq 100 indices https://www.nasdaq.com/market-activity:
I-metric ibalwa ngokuqhubekayo imini yonke, kodwa ixelwe kubasebenzisi kanye ngesekhondi. Ixabiso lokugqibela eliqinisekisiweyo lichazwe kwi-16: 16 yeseshoni nganye yokurhweba. I-Nasdaq Composite iye yavela ngokuhamba kwexesha kwaye ikhulile, inenzuzo ngakumbi kwaye incinci ngokwetekhnoloji namhlanje kunokuba kwakunjalo kwiminyaka engama-20 eyadlulayo. Imele icandelo lezoqoqosho elivelisa izinto ezintsha nelijolise kuhlumo. I-Index ye-Nasdaq Composite inikezela ngokuvezwa okubanzi kobunzima betekhnoloji yanamhlanje efana ne-Apple, iMicrosoft kunye neAmazon, kwaye inika abatyali mali ukuqonda malunga nobunzima betekhnoloji yangomso ngokubandakanya zonke izitokhwe eziqhelekileyo ezidweliswe eNasdaq. Umzekelo, ucaphula uNasdaq Robin Hood:
Iitshathi ze-intanethi kunye neengcaphuno zesitokhwe kwi-NASDAQ zinokujongwa kwi-https://www.nasdaq.com/market-activity/stocks/:
I-stock index ye-NASDAQ, njengoko ibalwe yi-NASDAQ 100 ngokusekelwe kwixabiso lezabelo eziphezulu. Iinkampani ezili-100 zase-US: https://youtu .be/850Mmf0bkIY

Yintoni echaphazela isalathisi seNASDAQ

Njengoninzi lwezalathisi eziphambili zesitokhwe, iNasdaq Composite inomlinganiselo wemalike yemalike yezinto ezisisiseko. Oku kuthetha ukuba xa izabelo zeenkampani ezinkulu zitshintsha, zinempembelelo enkulu ekusebenzeni kwesalathisi kunokuba izabelo zeenkampani ezincinci zitshintsha.

Zingaphi iinkampani ezibandakanyiweyo kwisalathiso

Ukusukela nge-31 kaDisemba, i-2021, isalathisi siquka izibambiso ze-3,417. Kwangaxeshanye, i-46.94% yepotfoliyo yenziwe ngezabelo zaba bakhuphi be-10 balandelayo:

• I-APPLE I.N.C.;
• I-MICROSOFT CORP;
• I-COM I.N.C.;
• I-TESLA I.N.C.;
• IALPHABET INC CL C;
• IALPHABET INC CL A;
• I-META PLATFORMS INC CL A;
• I-NVIDIA Corp.;
• BROADCOM INC;
• I-Adobe Inc.

I-Nasdaq Composite iquka iinkampani ekudala zidweliswe kutshintshiselwano ukususela ekuqaleni kwayo, i-IPO entsha, iinkampani ezikhule ngokutshintshiselana kwe-OTC okanye zisuka kwezinye iindawo. Isalathiso sibandakanya izibambiso ezibhaliswe eUnited States kwaye zidweliswe kuphela kwi-NASDAQ stock exchange. Ezi ntlobo ze-asethi zilandelayo zibandakanyiwe kwizibalo:

• izabelo eziqhelekileyo zeenkampani;
• Iirisithi zeDiphozithi zaseMelika (ADRs);
• izabelo zeengxowa-mali zotyalo-mali lwezindlu (REIT);
• izabelo zobuhlakani obunobutyala obulinganiselweyo;
• izabelo zenzuzo eyinzuzo (SBI);
• izabelo ekujoliswe kuzo (zokulandelela).

Umsebenzi weZitokhwe zaPhambi kweMakethi:

Ukusukela nge-12/31/2021, izinto zexabiso kwisalathiso zimele ezi mveliso zilandelayo. :

• ubuchwepheshe bolwazi (44.55%);
• icandelo elinokuvela kubathengi (16.52%);
• iinkonzo zamakhaya (15.44%);
• inkathalo yezempilo (8.59%);
• ezemali (4.52%);
• ishishini (4.04%);
• iimpahla zabathengi (3.64%);
• izindlu nomhlaba (1.01%);
• izinto eziluncedo (0.68%);
• amandla (0.44%).

Ngenxa yokuba i-Nasdaq inoxinzelelo oluphezulu lweenkampani kwicandelo letekhnoloji, ngakumbi abancinci nabakhula ngokukhawuleza, i-Nasdaq Composite Index ihlala ithathwa njenge-barometer elungileyo yendlela imarike yetekhnoloji eqhuba ngayo.

I-Nasdaq Composite ayiphelelanga kwiinkampani zekomkhulu lase-US, nto leyo eyenza ukuba yahluke kwezinye izalathisi ezininzi. Ubalo lubandakanya ii-asethi zeenkampani kwezi marike zilandelayo:

• I-USA (96.67%);
• amazwe asakhasayo (1.25%);
• IYurophu (1.14%);
• I-Asia Pacific kunye neJapan (0.59%);
• eKhanada (0.34%);
• abanye (0.02%).

Indlela yokutyala imali kwisalathiso

Eyona ndlela ilula yokutyala imali kwiNasdaq Composite Index kukuthenga isabelo sengxowa-mali yesalathiso. Ngokuthelekisa iziphumo zeemarike zemali, ii-ETF ziphindaphinda ngokufanelekileyo utyalo-mali ekuhambeni kwexesha. Ngexesha elifanayo, umtyalo-mali akadingeki ukuba abe yingcali kwimarike yemasheya kwaye ayile izicwangciso zakhe. Ukuthatha inxaxheba kwii-ETF kuneenzuzo ezininzi:

1. Ikuvumela ukuba unciphise ixesha elichithwe ekufundeni isitokhwe ngasinye . Endaweni yoko, ungathembela ngokuzithemba kwizigqibo zomphathi wepotfoliyo yengxowa-mali.
2. Ukunciphisa iingozi zemali . I-Index ye-Composite ye-Nasdaq iquka ngaphezu kwe-3,500 stocks, okwenza kube lula ukulahlekelwa nkulu ukuba iinkampani ezininzi zilahlekelwa yinzuzo ebalulekileyo.
3. Iindleko eziphantsi zemali . Ukutyala imali kwii-ETF kunexabiso eliphantsi kunotyalo-mali kwiimali ezilawulwa ngokusebenzayo. Oku kungenxa yokuba umphathi usebenza ngokwesicwangciso esaziwayo ngaphambili esisebenzayo.
4. Iirhafu eziphantsi . Iimali zesalathiso zisebenza kakuhle kwirhafu xa kuthelekiswa nolunye utyalo-mali oluninzi.
5. Isicwangciso esilula sotyalo -mali . Ngokweskimu esinye, unokuqhubeka utyala imali ngenyanga, ungawahoyi ukunyuka nokuhla kwexesha elifutshane.

Xa ukhetha ingxowa-mali yesalathisi, qwalasela la manqaku alandelayo:

• ukuchaneka kwezalathi zesalathisi;
• iindleko zabatyali-zimali;
• izithintelo ezikhoyo.

Ukuthenga izabelo zengxowa-mali yesalathiso ekhethiweyo, kufuneka uvule i-akhawunti nge-
ETF okanye kunye nomthengisi onelayisensi. Xa uthatha isigqibo sokuba yeyiphi indlela yokukhetha, kuyafaneleka ukunikela ingqalelo kwiindleko. Abanye abarhwebi bahlawulisa abathengi babo imirhumo eyongezelelweyo yokuthenga izabelo zengxowa-mali yesalathiso, nto leyo eyenza kube lula ukuvula i-akhawunti ye-ETF. Nangona kunjalo, abatyali-mali abaninzi bakhetha ukugcina iidiphozithi zabo kwiakhawunti enye. Oku kulungele ukuba umrhwebi uceba ukutyalomali kwii-ETF ezahlukeneyo.

Ngaba unokurhweba kwi-NASDAQ

Umtyalo-mali waseRashiya unokuthengisa iimpahla zaseMelika ngokuthe ngqo kwi-platform ye-elektroniki ye-NASDAQ, efikeleleke ngokuthe ngqo ngabathengisi abakhulu abanelayisensi. Ngokomzekelo, elo thuba linikezelwa nguFinam, Sberbank, VTB, njl.

Nangona kunjalo, kule meko, kuyimfuneko ukufumana isimo somtyalo-mali ofanelekileyo, ukuqinisekisa ukuba kufuneka ube namava okurhweba kunye nenkunzi yokuqala ye-ruble ye-6 yezigidi.

Abarhwebi abancinci bakhetha ukungena kwiSt. Petersburg Stock Exchange, njengoko kudla ngokungabizi. Kule meko, ii-asethi zingathengwa nge
-akhawunti yotyalo-mali lomntu (IIA) ngokutsalwa kwerhafu. Ukuvula i-akhawunti, kufuneka ubhalise kwiwebhusayithi yomthengisi. Ngokomzekelo, kwi-Finam, kwanele ukulandela ikhonkco https://trading.finam.ru/ kwaye ufake idatha efunekayo kwifom. Unokuvula
i-akhawunti ye-demo kwimizuzu embalwa, kwaye ufumane i-IIS yangempela, kuya kufuneka ulungiselele iphakheji encinci yamaxwebhu kwaye ugqibe isivumelwano kunye nombutho. Emva kokufumana i-login kunye negama lokugqitha, ungangena kwi-
terminal yokurhweba .
Kuluhlu lwezixhobo, khetha into equkethe igama lotshintshiselwano lwe-NASDAQ.
Uluhlu lwee-asethi ezinokuthi zithengwe kwaye zithengiswe ziya kuvela kwikholamu esekhohlo.
Bonke abarhwebi baseRashiya basebenza ngokwalo mgaqo. Urhweba njani kutshintshiselwano lwesitokhwe saseMelika – thenga izitokhwe, ikamva kunye nezinye izibambiso kwi-NASDAQ kunye ne-NYSE: https://youtu.be/o-7VGqcf20Y

Utshintshiselwano lwe-NASDAQ lusebenza njani kwaye nini?

Iseshoni yokurhweba rhoqo ye-NASDAQ iqala ngo-9: 30 AM kwaye iphele ngo-4: 00 PM Ixesha laseMpuma elibukhali. Emva kokuba iphelile, iifandesi zinokubanjwa kude kube ngu-20:00.