Yintoni ikamva kunye nendlela yokwenza imali kuyo?

Ukuqukunjelwa kweekhontrakthi zexesha elizayo akusentsha, kodwa unyaka nonyaka isixhobo esisetyenziswa ngokusebenzayo kwimarike yemasheya. Abarhwebi be-novice kunye nabatyali-mali bahlala bejika ingqalelo yabo kwixesha elizayo, beqonda indlela esithembisa ngayo esi sixhobo. Ukuphunyezwa ngempumelelo kwezorhwebo kufuna ukuqonda imigaqo yayo kunye neenkcukacha.

Ikamva njengesixhobo sokurhweba ngesitokhwe

Ikhontrakthi yexesha elizayo sisivumelwano sokuthenga okanye ukuthengisa i-asethi ngomhla othile ngexabiso elimiselweyo. Ii-asethi ezisisiseko zibhondi, iimali, inzala kunye nesantya sokunyuka kwamaxabiso kwimarike yeMoscow Exchange. Owona mzekelo ulula wekhontrakthi yexesha elizayo:

1. Umlimi uyalima aze athengise iimbotyi. Kulo nyaka kubiza ikhulu leeruble eziqhelekileyo, kodwa kukho izibikezelo zokuba ihlobo liya kuba nombulelo, oko kuthetha ukuba isivuno siya kuba ninzi. Oku kuthetha ukuba ekwindla unikezelo luya kuqala ukudlula imfuno yeembotyi. Amaxabiso aza kuhla.
2. Umlimi akafuni kuthengisa iimbotyi ngexabiso eliphantsi. Ufumana abathengi kusengaphambili, abakholelwa ukuba isivuno siya kuba sibi, yaye amaxabiso aya kunyuka ngokufanelekileyo.
3. Bavumelana phakathi kwabo ukuba kwiinyanga ezintandathu umlimi uya kubonelela umthengi ngeembotyi ngekhulu leeruble eziqhelekileyo ngetoni nganye.

Kulo mzekelo, umlimi udlala indima yomthengisi wexesha elizayo – ulungisa ixabiso kunye nomhla othile apho iimpahla ziya kuhanjiswa kumthengi. Lo ngundoqo worhwebo lwexesha elizayo. Urhwebo luqhutywa kwimarike yemasheya.

Umahluko phakathi kwexesha elizayo kunye nesitokhwe

Umahluko osisiseko phakathi kwezi zixhobo zibini ukwizinto ezithengiswayo. Ngulo mahluko ovelisa ukonga. Umrhwebi akayityala yonke imali, kodwa kuphela inani elimiselweyo – izibophelelo zokuqinisekisa. Oku kudla ngokuba yi-12-13% yexabiso le-asethi ngokwayo. Umahluko phakathi kwexesha elizayo kunye nesitokhwe kulula ukuyiqonda ngomzekelo ongumzekelo:

1. U-Angelina wafunda ulwelo kakhulu (ezo zinokuthengiswa ngokukhawuleza kufutshane nexabiso lemarike) kwixesha elizayo kwi-Moscow Exchange kwaye wagqiba ekubeni athenge izabelo ezili-100 okanye i-100 elizayo lezabelo ze-Gazprom. Ixabiso lesabelo sangoku ngama-ruble angama-228.
2. Ukuze uthenge, u-Angelina kuya kufuneka achithe:
   • kwizabelo ze-100 – 228 x 100 = 22,800 ruble;
   • kwixesha elizayo le-100 – 228 x 100 x 12% = 2736 ruble.
3. Isixa sexesha elizayo sincinci kakhulu. Akuyona i-asethi ngokwayo ethengwayo, kodwa ingxabano yokutshintsha ixabiso layo.

Kukwakho nezinye iiyantlukwano. Ingakumbi igqame:

1. Ukunyaniseka. Ilinganiselwe kwixesha elizayo. Oko kukuthi, uthenge isivumelwano sexesha elizayo kwiinyanga ezi-4, izibophelelo ezichazwe kwikhontrakthi kufuneka zizaliseke kwiinyanga ezi-4. Izabelo azinakuthengiswa nangaliphi na ixesha.
2. Ukunika amandla. Xa kuthengwa isivumelwano sexesha elizayo, i-leverage ibonelelwe (ebonakaliswe kwikhontrakthi). Ilahleko okanye inzuzo ibalwa kuthathelwa ingqalelo ukuba yintoni kanye kanye efunyenweyo, nangona ngokwengqiqo yokoqobo ayizange ifunyanwe.

Iintlobo zezivumelwano

Kukho iindidi ezimbini zeekhontrakthi zexesha elizayo – ukuhanjiswa kunye nokulungiswa. Abarhwebi babucala babhenela ekusebenziseni uhlobo lwesibini lwentengiselwano. Ikamva, elisisivumelwano solungiso:

• sisixhobo sokwenza imali kumahluko kumaxabiso;
• emva kokuphela kwexesha elimiselweyo (ixesha lokuphelelwa) kwekhontrakthi, i-asethi ayinikezelwanga ngendlela yayo yendalo, kodwa umda wayo wokuhluka ubalwa.

Umda wenguqu lixabiso elibalwe ngokutshintshiselana, ebonisa ukuba ingakanani imali eya kubhalwa okanye ifakwe kwi-akhawunti yokurhweba yomthengisi. Ngenxa yoko, abathathi-nxaxheba kwisivumelwano sexesha elizayo banokwenza inzuzo okanye bahlale belahlekelwe.

Ingaba isebenza kanjani?

Inqaku lokurhweba kukuthenga okuphantsi kunye nokuthengisa phezulu. Ngumahluko phakathi kwamaxabiso okuthenga nokuthengisa okuyinzuzo efunwa ngumrhwebi. Ekupheleni kwekhontrakthi, enye yezi zilandelayo yenzeka, kuxhomekeke kwindlela ixabiso lemveliso liziphathe ngayo:

• ixabiso lahlala lingatshintshi – imeko yezemali yomthengi kunye nomthengisi ayizange itshintshe;
• ixabiso livukile – umthengi ufumene, kwaye umthengisi ulahlekelwe yimali;
• ixabiso lawa – umthengi wahlala kwilahleko, kwaye umthengisi wafumana inzuzo (inzuzo).

Nawaphi na amaqela kwikhontrakthi, eqonda ukuba ekupheleni kwexesha lokuphelelwa yisikhathi, uya kulahlekelwa yilahleko, akayi kuphinda akwazi ukumisa inkqubo. Utshintshiselwano lulawula uxanduva lwamaqela ukuba athengise / athenge iimpahla ngexesha elichazwe kwikhontrakthi. Ulawulo lwenziwa ngentlawulo enyanzelekileyo yediphozithi ye-inshurensi (isibambiso) ngamaqela kwisivumelwano. Isixa sekhontrakthi ayihlawulwanga ngokupheleleyo kwangaphambili, kodwa “idiphozithi” kwiiakhawunti zabahwebi zifriziwe. Ubungakanani bediphozithi buchongwa luhlobo kunye nenjongo yentengiselwano. Isixa sisonke semivuzo enokwenzeka kwikamva ngokuthe ngqo sixhomekeke kwisixa-mali esityaliwe. Oko kukuthi, izivumelwano ezithengiweyo ezininzi, inkulu inzuzo elindelekileyo.

Ukufumana amandla

Kwiimarike zezemali, iimeko zihlala zivela apho umthengisi uboleka imali kumthengisi ukuze lo mva avule izikhundla ezinkulu. Esi senzo sibizwa ngokuba yi-leverage kwaye isetyenziswa kurhwebo lwexesha elizayo. Akubizi kakhulu ukuba abarhwebi babonelele ngenkonzo enjalo. Ilahleko yabo enokwenzeka ikhawulelwe kwibhalansi yeakhawunti yorhwebo yomthengi. Ukuba ilahleko ilingana nemali yemali kwi-akhawunti yomthengisi, umthengisi uya kumisa zonke izikhundla zangoku, engavumeli umxhasi ukuba alahlekelwe ngaphezu kokushiya. Ukuxhamla ngokwako akuchaphazeli umgangatho womngcipheko. Ichatshazelwa bubungakanani besikhundla esivulwe ngumniki-maxabiso.

Kuphi ukusebenza ngekamva?

Ikamva lithengiswa kutshintshiselwano lwesitokhwe. Kubathengisi kunye nabarhwebi, abathathi-nxaxheba batshintshiselwano, izivumelwano ezinkulu zifumaneka ngokuthe ngqo. Abo banqwenela ukubandakanyeka kurhwebo lwexesha elizayo kufuneka bavule i-akhawunti yokurhweba kunye nombutho we-brokerage. Lutshintshiselwano olubonelela abathengi ngamaqonga okufikelela ekurhwebeni, kunye nokulawula inkqubo yalo. Utshintshiselwano oluphambili lwekamva kwihlabathi:

• Chicago Mercantile Exchange (CME);
• IBhodi yezoRhwebo yaseChicago (CBOT);
• I-Euronext lutshintshiselwano lwamazwe ngamazwe lwaseYurophu;
• I-Eurex (yaseYurophu);
• Moscow Currency Exchange (MICEX).

Ukongeza koku ngasentla, imarike yezemali inenani elikhulu lokutshintshiselana ngemithamo eyahlukeneyo yentengiselwano. Kwangaxeshanye, iikontraki zibekwe emgangathweni ngokwe:

• izixa;
• umgangatho;
• Amaxesha okuhlawula.

Le migangatho ayinakuguqulwa, isisigxina. Kungakhathaliseki ukuba ngubani na umthengisi ngexesha lefandesi ethile, kwaye ngubani umthengi. Kungakhathaliseki ukuba utshintshiselwano oluququzelela ifandesi.

Ubhaliso kunye neemeko zorhwebo kwi-FORTS

Utshintshiselwano lwaseMoscow luseke iqonga lekamva lokurhweba (ukuba nexesha elimiselweyo) iikontraki – FORTS. Ukufikelela kwiqonga, bhalisa kunye nomthengisi onokufikelela kwi-stock exchange yaseRashiya.

Uluhlu lweenkampani zokuthengisa ziyafumaneka kwiwebhusayithi yeMoscow Exchange – https://www.moex.com/.

Imiqathango yokunika ufikelelo kunye nokusebenza neFORTS:

• ukuqala ukurhweba, inani lee-ruble ezingama-5,000 okanye ngaphezulu lanele;
• i-akhawunti ivuliwe ngesiseko sokubonisa ipasipoti kunye nesatifikethi se-TIN (umthengisi unokufuna amanye amaxwebhu);
• isayithi ihlawula umrhumo wenkonzo malunga ne-ruble ye-120 ngenyanga;
• ukuba akukho ntengiselwano eyenziweyo kwinyanga ekhoyo, umrhwebi akayihlawuleli inkonzo;
• ikhomishini yokuthengiselana malunga ne-ruble eyi-1;
• ukuba ukuthengiselana kugqityiwe ngomhla wokugqitywa kwayo, ikhomishini iya kuba yi-50 kopecks;
• ishedyuli yokurhweba kwixesha elizayo ihambelana nokurhweba kwizabelo kwi-Moscow Exchange – ukusuka kwi-10: 30 ukuya kwi-18: 45 ixesha laseMoscow;
• kukho iseshoni eyongezelelweyo (“ngokuhlwa”) kubathengisi abagxininise kwii-indices zangaphandle – ukusuka kwi-19: 00 ukuya kwi-23:50 ixesha laseMoscow;
• Ukuphelelwa yisikhathi kuqhutyelwa amaxesha amane ngonyaka, njengesisombululo sokugqibela kunye nabanini beekontrakthi zexesha elizayo;
• iirhafu (i-13% yengeniso) ihlawuliswa kanye ngonyaka (xa umrhwebi ehoxisa imali kwi-akhawunti).

Ukufumana ukufikelela kutshintshiselwano lweCME

Amaxesha angcono kakhulu kuqoqosho lwaseRashiya, xa ikamva lee-asethi zeenkampani zaseRashiya lifumana ixabiso eliphantsi, abahwebi bacinga ngokurhweba ngokutshintshiselana kwamanye amazwe. Ukufikelela kumaqonga e-elektroniki e-CME kuvulekele ukurhweba nge-Intanethi. Ukuqala ukurhweba kolu tshintshiselwano:

• kuyimfuneko ukukhetha umthengisi onikezela ukufikelela – ukhetho lomthengisi lwenziwa ngokufunda ukulinganisa kwabo ngokusemthethweni kwiiwebhusayithi kubatyalo-mali (https://brokers.ru/, njl.);
• khangela i-broker ekhethiweyo iyafumaneka kwiwebhusayithi ye-CME yotshintshiselwano ngokwayo – https://www.cmegroup.com/, sele ibhalisiwe kuyo ngaphambili;
• ukubhalisa, abaninzi abadayisi baya kufuna kuphela ipasipoti kunye nesatifikethi se-TIN (ngamanye amaxesha abalamli bacela isicatshulwa ebhankini apho i-akhawunti yomthengi ivuliwe okanye i-bill ye-utility);
• ukubhaliswa kunye nomthengisi kubandakanya ukuzalisa i-questionnaire ngemibuzo malunga nerekhodi lobugebengu, izihlobo ezisebenza kwii-arhente zikarhulumente, njl.

Izinto eziluncedo nezingeloncedo

Ukusebenza ngolu hlobo lwesixhobo sotyalo-mali kunamacala amahle kunye namabi. Izinto eziluncedo kurhwebo lwexesha elizayo:

• ithuba lokusebenzisa izivumelwano zokucinga malunga nokutshintsha kwexabiso le-asethi ephantsi;
• iinkampani zemveliso zifumana ithuba lokubiyela (i-inshurensi ngokuchasene neenguqu ezingafunwayo) amaxabiso eempahla zabo;
• ukugqiba isivumelwano, akukho mfuneko yokuhlawula yonke imali yexabiso layo;
• ukufikelela ngokubanzi kwii-asethi ezahlukeneyo (ukusuka kwimarike yezinto eziluhlaza ukuya kwi-cryptocurrencies);
• njengomthetho, ubukho bemali ephezulu yeekontraki (kodwa kukho iimeko ezingaqhelekanga);
• uhlobo oluqhelekileyo lwezivumelwano – zonke iimeko sele zibhaliwe, zihlala kuphela ukukhetha ukhetho olufanelekileyo;
• amaqonga amaninzi abonelela ngokukwazi ukurhweba ngokuzenzekelayo.

Izinto ezingalunganga zokurhweba kwixesha elizayo zezi:

• kumngcipheko wokulahlekelwa ngabarhwebi bemali edlula intlawulo yokuqala ngenxa yokusetyenziswa kwe-leverage;
• ixesha elithi “ubomi” bekhontrakthi lilinganiselwe, kwaye ukuze liyandise ngaphambi kokuphelelwa yisikhathi (ukubamba isikhundla), kuyimfuneko ukuthenga izixhobo ezifanayo zoluhlu olulandelayo, oluya kuchaphazela kakubi inzuzo yonke;
• ukungakwazi ukucacisa ngokucacileyo nangokuchanekileyo “ukuziphatha” kwamaxabiso kunye nokuhlalutya izinga lomngcipheko kwintengiselwano nganye, umthamo wezivumelwano kunye nezinye izibonakaliso, akukho ngqiqo ukuqala ukurhweba kwixesha elizayo;
• ukurhweba kwixesha elizayo kuthatha ixesha elininzi kunye nengqalelo yomthengisi.

Yintoni ekufuneka uyazi malunga nokucaciswa kwexesha elizayo?

Zonke iiparameters zekhontrakthi yexesha elizayo ziqulethwe kuxwebhu olukhethekileyo – ukucaciswa kwexesha elizayo. Inkcazo iphuhliswa ngokutshintshiselana, kodwa abalawuli baseburhulumenteni abafanelekileyo beemarike bagunyazisiweyo ukuba bayivume okanye cha. Ekubeni izivumelwano zexesha elizayo ngokwazo zisemgangathweni, kuphela ukungafani kwazo kubandakanywa kwinkcazo. Yilo lwazi ukuba umrhwebi kufuneka enze isigqibo esinxulumene norhwebo lwexesha elizayo. Ukuqonda inkcazo (yintoni kanye iiparitha ezibonakaliswe kuyo kwaye zichaphazela ntoni) yenye yeemeko ezibaluleke kakhulu zokurhweba ngokufanelekileyo. Ubume beenkcukacha zekamva:

1. Igama. Umzekelo, ikhontrakthi yexesha elizayo yegolide.
2. Ubungakanani. Isixa se-asethi (kwixabiso elihambelanayo) ekugqitywe ngalo ikhontrakthi enye. (iitoni ezi-5 zobhedu, izabelo ze-200 zenkampani ethile, i-3,000 euro, njl.).
3. uphawu lomgangatho. Kuboniswa ukulungisa imveliso ethile ekugqitywe ngayo ixabiso, zeziphi iindidi ze-asethi ezinokuvunyelwa. Njengomthetho, into enjalo imiselwe izinto eziluhlaza (izinto eziphathekayo).
4. Ukunyaniseka. Kumiselwa ngokusekelwe kwixesha elichazwe kwikhontrakthi, xa kubalwa okanye ukuhanjiswa kwenziwa.
5. Ucaphulo. Ichaza indlela yokumisela ixabiso le-asethi kwaye ixhomekeke kuhlobo lwayo:
   • kwimpahla, izabelo, iimali, ixabiso libekwe yimali (i-80 ruble ye-euro eyi-1, njl.);
   • ukuba imveliso ibhondi kunye neediphozithi, ixabiso libalwa ngokusekelwe kwisivuno;
   • kwii-asethi ezikwimo yeepotfoliyo zeentlobo ezininzi zeempahla, ixabiso lixabiso lesalathiso sexabiso lepotfoliyo ngokwayo;
   • kwii-asethi ezingekho-standard, ixabiso libalwa ngabanye, ngokusekelwe kwiimpawu.
6. Iteki. Utshintsho oluncinci kwixabiso le-asethi elivunyelwe yinkontileka, umzekelo, i-1 cent. Inyathelo — umda wotshintsho lwexabiso elinye, elinokuba luphindaphindo lweli nyathelo okanye uphawu.
7. Ixabiso eliqikelelweyo. Elo xabiso le-asethi, elisisiseko sokuhlaliswa kwangoku kunye nokugqibela phantsi kwekhontrakthi.

IziCwangciso zokuRhweba ngekamva

Akukho zicwangciso ezininzi zokurhweba kwixesha elizayo. Phakathi kwazo, ezona zisebenzayo zezi:

1. Ukukhusela. Ukuthengwa kwexesha elizayo kwii-asethi ezixhomekeke kwelinye. Umzekelo: inkampani yeenqwelo moya ithenga izivumelwano zexesha elizayo ze-oyile ukuze izikhusele kumngcipheko wokwenza ilahleko ekunyukeni kwamaxabiso e-oyile.
2. Ukufunyanwa kwe-asethi. Ukuthenga imveliso ngexabiso eliphantsi kunokuba kuya kuba njalo kwixesha elizayo.
3. Ukuqikelela. Ukucinga ukunyuka kwexabiso le-asethi, umrhwebi uyathenga ukuze athengise xa ixabiso likhuphuka.
4. i-scalping. Njengomthetho, uqikelelo oluzenzekelayo kwixesha elifutshane (ukuya kuma-milliseconds) utshintsho lwamaxabiso.
5. Ulamlo. Ukuvula iintengiselwano ezichaseneyo. Umzekelo: ukuthenga isitokhwe kunye nokuthengisa ikamva kuso ukuze uzuze ekuphelelweni kwexesha elizayo.

Yintoni ingozi kwabasanda kuzalwa?

Abarhwebi abasaqalayo banokuphulukana nayo yonke imali yabo ngokuntywila ngentloko “kwidama lokuthengisa”. Ngaphandle kwamava aneleyo, cinga ngeengozi:

• ubukho babarhwebi abanobuqhophololo (kukho inani elingenakubalwa kubo kwi-Intanethi);
• iintengiso ezithembisa iingeniso ezimangalisayo ngenxa yonqakrazo olunye lwe mouse;
• ukugqekezwa kweeakhawunti kunye neeakhawunti ngenxa yegama eliyimfihlo elilula kakhulu elibekwe ngumthengisi okanye ukugcina amagama ayimfihlo kwindawo yoluntu;
• ukuthembela komthengisi malunga nokubalwa kwerhafu ngokutshintshiselana – hlala ugcine inguqulelo yedrafti yokubala okuzimeleyo;
• iimvakalelo zakho phambi kwengqondo xa usenza izigqibo.

Imibuzo ebuzwa qho

Ukwandisa i-horizon yolwazi lwabo, umntu ngamnye udibana nommandla wokungazi. Ngokufanelekileyo, kuvela imibuzo emitsha. Ngezantsi zezona zixhaphakileyo phakathi kwabatyali-zimali abaqalayo kunye nabarhwebi.

Ungenzi njani impazamo xa ukhetha umthengisi?

Kunzima ukuyiqonda ekuqaleni. Qwalasela iinqobo zokugweba:

• ubukho bokuphononongwa okuhle kunye nokungabikho kokungalunganga kuvusa ukukrokrela – ukuphononongwa kunokuba yinkohliso;
• ixesha elaneleyo lomsebenzi wenkampani (kunye nexesha lomsebenzi kunye nexesha elizayo);
• khangela ukuba i-brokerage firm inelayisensi (kukho iirejista ezikhethekileyo kwiiwebhusayithi ze-Moscow Exchange kunye neBhanki yaseRashiya);
• i-nuances yomsebenzi wenkampani ngokuxhomekeke kwiimfuno zayo: ukusasazeka (ikhomishini), i-leverage, izixhobo zokurhweba eziyimfuneko kunye nezinye iiparameters ezinomdla kumthengisi, kwaye kungekhona inkampani ye-broker.

Ndingayifumana phi imbali yocaphulo?

Ukuphuhlisa isicwangciso sokurhweba kwaye ngokubanzi kuqeqesho olupheleleyo ngakumbi ekurhwebeni, abaqalayo kwintsimi ngokuqinisekileyo baya kufuna imbali yeengcaphuno kwixesha elizayo kwiminyaka edlulileyo. Idatha enjalo inokufumaneka kwiiwebhusayithi ezisemthethweni zabarhwebi, kunye nakwiiwebhusayithi zolwazi lwezemali ezikhethekileyo, umzekelo, https://www.finam.ru/.

Ndingalufumana phi uluhlu olupheleleyo lwekamva?

Uluhlu olupheleleyo lweemveliso zexesha elizayo lupapashwa kwiiwebhusayithi zotshintshiselwano kunye neeforamu ezikhethekileyo zemali. Ulwazi luhlaziywa ngexesha elifanelekileyo, kunokwenzeka ukwakha uluhlu usebenzisa izihlungi zeparameter.

Kwenzeka ntoni ngomhla wokugqibela wokurhweba?

Usuku lokugqibela lokurhweba (ukuphelelwa yisikhathi) luzisa ukususwa kwexesha elizayo kwintengiso. Kwakhona, ukuphelelwa yisikhathi ngumhla wokuzaliseka kwezibophelelo ezivunyelweneyo kwikhontrakthi kwicala lomthengi kunye nomthengisi. Ngomhla wokuphelelwa kwixesha elizayo lokuhlaliswa, utshintshiselwano lushwankathela iziphumo, ngokweziphumo, iikhredithi kunye nee-debits zemali ezivela kwii-akhawunti zomthengisi kunye nomthengi. Ngaphantsi kwekhontrakthi yexesha elizayo, umthengisi ufumana imali yempahla, kwaye umthengi ufumana ilungelo lokuba ngumnikazi wazo.

Ngaba abatyali mali bafuna ikamva?

Umtyali-mali ngamnye uzenzela isigqibo sokuba asebenzise isixhobo esinjalo sezemali njengorhwebo lwexesha elizayo. Xa umtyali-mali ethatha isigqibo sokukhetha esi sixhobo, kufuneka athathele ingqalelo:

• ixesha elizayo – ukuthengiselana kwexesha elifutshane elifuna ukugxila kunye nokuqwalaselwa;
• abanini beekhontrakthi zexesha elizayo abafumani ngeniso yengeniso ngohlobo lwezahlulo;
• kwimeko yokulahleka kwexesha elide, akuyi kuba nako “ukulinda” kuyo (de kube ixabiso litshintshile kwindlela efanelekileyo kumtyalo-mali) (ikamva lilinganiselwe ngexesha).

Zeziphi iimpawu zokukhetha ikamva ngokomhla?

Abanye abarhwebi, xa bekhetha isivumelwano sexesha elizayo njengeparameter ephambili yokwenza isivumelwano, bayeke kuloo makamva, umhla wokuphelelwa yisikhathi ocwangciselwe ixesha elizayo. Kungalo mhla apho kujongwa olona qoqosho luphezulu. Uninzi lweekhontrakthi zinexesha leenyanga ezintathu. Ukuphunyezwa kwezivumelwano ezininzi kwenzeka ngomhla we-15. Ngokukhetha ikamva eliphelelwa ngaphambili kunabanye, kukho amathuba amaninzi okwenza inzuzo (ixesha elincinane lishiyelwe ukuguquguquka kwexabiso). Oku akukona jikelele, kodwa ukhetho oluqhelekileyo. UAristotle waphinda wathi “uloyiko lwenza abantu bacinge.” Ukuqonda iingozi zokurhweba kwixesha elizayo kukhuthaza abaqalayo ukuba bahlale bezifundisa kwilizwe elikhuphisanayo lokhuseleko. Inyathelo elitsha ngalinye kufuneka lenziwe ngokuqaphela nangokucokisekileyo, lihlalutye imiphumo.