Kazoza ni iki kandi nigute ushobora kuyishakira amafaranga?

Umwanzuro wamasezerano yigihe kizaza ntabwo ari shyashya, ariko burimwaka igikoresho gikoreshwa cyane kumasoko yimigabane. Abacuruzi bashya n’abashoramari bakunze kwerekeza ibitekerezo byabo kubizaza, bakamenya uburyo iki gikoresho gifite icyizere. Ishyirwa mu bikorwa ry’ubucuruzi risaba gusobanukirwa amahame yaryo n’ibidasanzwe.

Kazoza nkigikoresho cyo gucuruza imigabane

Amasezerano yigihe kizaza ni amasezerano yo kugura cyangwa kugurisha umutungo kumunsi wagenwe kubiciro byagenwe. Umutungo shingiro ni bonds, amafaranga, igipimo cyinyungu ndetse nigipimo cy’ifaranga ku isoko ry’ivunjisha rya Moscou. Urugero rworoshye rwamasezerano yigihe kizaza:

1. Umuhinzi arakura akagurisha ibishyimbo. Uyu mwaka bitwara amafaranga ijana asanzwe, ariko harateganijwe ko impeshyi izashimira, bivuze ko umusaruro uzaba mwinshi. Ibi bivuze ko mu gihe cyizuba itangwa rizatangira kurenza icyifuzo cyibishyimbo. Ibiciro bizagabanuka.
2. Umuhinzi ntashaka kugurisha ibishyimbo bihendutse. Asanga abaguzi mbere, bemeza ko umusaruro uzaba muke, kandi ibiciro bizamuka bikurikije.
3. Bemeranya hagati yabo ko mu mezi atandatu umuhinzi azaha umuguzi ibishyimbo ku mafaranga ijana asanzwe kuri toni.

Muri uru rugero, umuhinzi afite uruhare rwo kugurisha ejo hazaza – agena igiciro nitariki runaka igihe ibicuruzwa bizashyikirizwa umuguzi. Ngiyo ishingiro ryubucuruzi bwigihe kizaza. Gucuruza bikorwa ku isoko ryimigabane.

Itandukaniro riri hagati yigihe kizaza nububiko

Itandukaniro ryibanze hagati yibi bikoresho byombi biri mubintu byacurujwe. Itandukaniro niryo ritanga ubukana. Umucuruzi ntabwo ashora amafaranga yose, ariko umubare wabyo gusa – inshingano zingwate. Ubusanzwe ni 12-13% byagaciro k’umutungo ubwawo. Itandukaniro riri hagati yigihe kizaza nububiko nabyo biroroshye kubyumva nurugero rwerekana:

1. Angelina yize ibintu byinshi byamazi (bishobora kugurishwa vuba hafi yikiguzi cyisoko) ejo hazaza h’i Moscou maze ahitamo kugura imigabane 100 cyangwa ejo hazaza 100 kumigabane ya Gazprom. Igiciro kiriho ubu ni 228.
2. Kugirango ugure, Angelina agomba gukoresha:
   • ku migabane 100 – 228 x 100 = 22.800;
   • ejo hazaza 100 – 228 x 100 x 12% = 2736.
3. Umubare w’ejo hazaza ni muto cyane. Ntabwo umutungo ubwawo urimo kugurwa, ahubwo ni impaka zo guhindura igiciro cyayo.

Hariho ubundi buryo butandukanye. By’umwihariko:

1. Agaciro. Ifite imipaka yigihe kizaza. Ni ukuvuga, kuba waguze amasezerano yigihe kizaza amezi 4, inshingano ziteganijwe mumasezerano zigomba kuzuzwa mumezi 4. Umugabane ntushobora kugurishwa igihe icyo aricyo cyose.
2. Gutanga imbaraga. Iyo uguze amasezerano yigihe kizaza, imbaraga zitangwa (zerekanwa mumasezerano). Igihombo cyangwa inyungu bibarwa ukurikije ibyabonetse neza, nubwo mubisanzwe ntabwo byabonetse.

Ubwoko bw’amasezerano

Hariho ubwoko bubiri bwamasezerano yigihe kizaza – gutanga no gukemura. Abacuruzi bigenga bitabaza gukoresha ubwoko bwa kabiri bwubucuruzi. Kazoza, ni amasezerano yo gukemura:

• ni igikoresho cyo gushaka amafaranga ku itandukaniro ryibiciro;
• nyuma yigihe cyigihe cyagenwe cyemewe (igihe cyo kurangiriraho) cyamasezerano, umutungo ntutangwa muburyo busanzwe, ariko itandukaniro ryacyo rirabarwa.

Impinduka zinyuranye ni agaciro kabaruwe no kuvunja, byerekana amafaranga azandikwa cyangwa ashyirwa kuri konti yubucuruzi yumucuruzi. Nkigisubizo, abitabiriye amasezerano yigihe kizaza haba inyungu cyangwa kuguma mubihombo.

Bikora gute?

Ingingo yo gucuruza ni ukugura make no kugurisha hejuru. Ni itandukaniro riri hagati yo kugura no kugurisha ibiciro ninyungu yumucuruzi yifuza. Amasezerano arangiye, kimwe muri ibi bikurikira kibaho, ukurikije uko igiciro cyibicuruzwa cyitwaye:

• igiciro nticyahindutse – imiterere yubukungu yaba umuguzi nu ugurisha ntabwo yahindutse;
• igiciro cyazamutse – umuguzi yungutse, kandi ugurisha yatakaje amafaranga;
• igiciro cyaragabanutse – umuguzi yagumye mu gihombo, kandi ugurisha yabonye inyungu (inyungu).

Umwe mu bagize amasezerano, amenye ko igihe kirangiye, azagira igihombo, ntazaba agishoboye guhagarika inzira. Ivunjisha rigenzura inshingano z’ababuranyi kugurisha / kugura ibicuruzwa mugihe cyagenwe mumasezerano. Igenzura rikorwa hakoreshejwe uburyo bwo kwishyura byateganijwe kubitsa ubwishingizi (ingwate) n’abagiranye amasezerano. Umubare w’amasezerano ntabwo yishyuwe mbere, ariko “kubitsa” kuri konti z’abacuruzi birahagarikwa. Ingano yabikijwe igenwa nubwoko nibintu byakozwe. Umubare wuzuye winjiza mubihe bizaza biterwa numubare w’amafaranga yashowe. Ni ukuvuga, amasezerano menshi yaguzwe, niko inyungu ziteganijwe.

Koresha

Ku masoko yimari, ibintu bikunze kuvuka aho umunyabigeni aguriza umucuruzi amafaranga kugirango aba nyuma bashobore gufungura imyanya minini. Iki gikorwa cyitwa leverage kandi gikoreshwa mubucuruzi bwigihe kizaza. Ntabwo bihenze kubakoresha gutanga serivisi nkiyi. Igihombo cyabo gishoboka kigarukira kumubare wa konti yubucuruzi yabakiriya. Niba igihombo gihwanye namafaranga yo kuri konti yumucuruzi, umunyabigega azahagarika imyanya yose iriho, ntabwo yemerera umukiriya gutakaza byinshi birenze ibyo yasize. Gukoresha ubwabyo ntabwo bigira ingaruka kurwego rwibyago. Biterwa nubunini bwimyanya yafunguwe nuwatsindiye isoko.

Ni he tugomba gukorana nigihe kizaza?

Kazoza kagurishwa ku isoko ryimigabane. Ku bacuruzi naba broker, guhanahana abitabiriye, amasezerano manini arahari muburyo butaziguye. Abifuza kwishora mubucuruzi bwigihe kizaza bakeneye gufungura konti yubucuruzi nishyirahamwe ryabakozi. Nukungurana ibitekerezo guha abakiriya urubuga rwo kugera kubucuruzi, no kugenzura imikorere yarwo. Ihanahana ry’ingenzi ry’ejo hazaza ku isi:

• Ihererekanyabubasha rya Chicago (CME);
• Ikigo cy’ubucuruzi cya Chicago (CBOT);
• Euronext ni ihanahana mpuzamahanga ry’iburayi;
• Eurex (Umunyaburayi);
• Ivunjisha ry’i Moscou (MICEX).

Usibye hejuru yavuzwe haruguru, isoko ryimari rifite umubare munini wo kuvunja hamwe nubunini butandukanye bwibikorwa. Muri icyo gihe, amasezerano asanzwe mu rwego rwa:

• ingano;
• ubuziranenge;
• ibihe byo gutura.

Ibipimo ngenderwaho ntabwo bigomba guhinduka, birahoraho. Utitaye kubagurisha ninde mugihe cyamunara runaka, ninde ugura. Hatitawe ku guhanahana gutegura cyamunara.

Kwiyandikisha no gucuruza ibintu kuri FORTS

Isoko rya Moscou ryashyizeho urubuga rwo gucuruza ejo hazaza (kugira igihe cyagenwe) – FORTS. Kugirango ugere kuri platifomu, iyandikishe hamwe na broker ufite uburyo bwo kuvunja muburusiya.

Urutonde rwibigo byabakozi biboneka kurubuga rwa Moscou – https://www.moex.com/.

Ibisabwa kugirango utange uburenganzira kandi ukorana na FORTS:

• gutangira gucuruza, amafaranga 5,000 cyangwa arenga arahagije;
• konti yafunguwe hashingiwe ku kwerekana pasiporo nicyemezo cya TIN (broker ashobora gusaba izindi nyandiko);
• urubuga rwishyuza amafaranga ya serivisi agera kuri 120 ku kwezi;
• niba nta bikorwa byakozwe mukwezi gushize, umucuruzi ntabwo yishyura serivisi;
• komisiyo yo gucuruza ni hafi 1;
• niba ihererekanyabubasha ryarangiye umunsi ryashojwe, komisiyo izaba 50 kopeck;
• ingengabihe yo gucuruza ejo hazaza ihura no gucuruza imigabane ku Isoko rya Moscou – kuva 10h30 kugeza 18h45 ku isaha ya Moscou;
• hari amasomo yinyongera (“nimugoroba”) kubacuruzi bibanda kumurongo wamahanga – kuva 19h00 kugeza 23:50 isaha ya Moscou;
• kurangira bikorwa inshuro enye mu mwaka, nkubwumvikane bwa nyuma hamwe nabafite amasezerano yigihe kizaza;
• imisoro (13% yinjiza) yishyurwa rimwe mu mwaka (iyo umucuruzi akuye amafaranga kuri konti).

Kubona uburyo bwo guhana CME

Mu bihe byiza ku bukungu bw’Uburusiya, iyo ejo hazaza h’umutungo w’amasosiyete y’Uburusiya ugenda uhendwa, abacuruzi batekereza gucuruza ku ivunjisha. Kugera kumurongo wa elegitoroniki ya CME ifunguye gucuruza ukoresheje interineti. Gutangira gucuruza kuri uku guhana:

• ni ngombwa guhitamo umunyabigega utanga uburenganzira – guhitamo umukoresha bikorwa no kwiga amanota yabo yemewe kurubuga rwabashoramari (https://brokers.ru/, nibindi);
• reba broker yatoranijwe iraboneka kurubuga rwa CME ihanahana ubwayo – https://www.cmegroup.com/, imaze kwiyandikisha;
• kwiyandikisha, abahuza benshi bazakenera gusa pasiporo nicyemezo cya TIN (rimwe na rimwe abahuza basaba gukuramo banki aho konti yabakiriya ifunguye cyangwa fagitire yingirakamaro);
• kwiyandikisha hamwe na broker bikubiyemo kuzuza ibibazo nibibazo byerekeranye nicyaha, abavandimwe bakorera mubigo bya leta, nibindi.

Ibyiza n’ibibi

Gukorana nubu bwoko bwibikoresho byishoramari bifite impande nziza kandi mbi. Ibyiza byo gucuruza ejo hazaza:

• amahirwe yo gukoresha amasezerano yo gutekerezaho kubijyanye nigiciro cyumutungo shingiro;
• amasosiyete akora inganda abona amahirwe yo gukingira (kwishingira impinduka zitifuzwa) ibiciro byibicuruzwa byabo;
• kugirana amasezerano, nta mpamvu yo kwishyura amafaranga yose yagaciro kayo;
• kugera cyane ku mutungo utandukanye (kuva ku isoko ry’ibikoresho fatizo kugeza kuri cryptocurrencies);
• nk’itegeko, iseswa ryinshi ryamasezerano (ariko haribisanzwe);
• uburyo busanzwe bwamasezerano – ibisabwa byose bimaze kwandikwa, hasigaye gusa guhitamo uburyo bukwiye;
• urubuga rwinshi rutanga ubushobozi bwo gutangiza ubucuruzi.

Ingaruka zo gucuruza ejo hazaza ni:

• mu kaga k’igihombo n’abacuruzi amafaranga arenze ubwishyu bwa mbere kubera gukoresha imbaraga;
• igihe cy “ubuzima” cyamasezerano ni gito, kandi kugirango kongererwa mbere yuko kirangira (gufata umwanya), birakenewe kugura ibikoresho bisa nkurukurikirane rutaha, bizagira ingaruka mbi ku nyungu rusange;
• kutabasha guhanura neza kandi neza “imyitwarire” yibiciro no gusesengura urwego rwibyago muri buri gikorwa, ingano yamasezerano nibindi bipimo, ntabwo byumvikana gutangira gucuruza ejo hazaza;
• gucuruza ejo hazaza bifata umwanya munini wumucuruzi no kwitondera.

Niki ukeneye kumenya kubijyanye n’ibizaza?

Ibipimo byose byamasezerano yigihe kizaza bikubiye mubyangombwa bidasanzwe – ibizaza. Ibisobanuro byateguwe no kuvunja, ariko abagenzuzi ba leta bireba isoko bemerewe kubyemeza cyangwa kutabyemera. Kubera ko amasezerano yigihe kizaza ubwayo aribisanzwe, gusa itandukaniro ryabo ryashyizwe mubisobanuro. Naya makuru umucuruzi akeneye gufata icyemezo kijyanye nubucuruzi bwigihe kizaza. Gusobanukirwa ibisobanuro (mubyukuri ibipimo byerekanwe muriyo nicyo bigira ingaruka) nikimwe mubintu byingenzi mubucuruzi bubishoboye. Imiterere y’ibihe bizaza:

1. Izina. Kurugero, amasezerano yigihe kizaza kuri zahabu.
2. Ingano. Umubare w’umutungo (uhwanye nawo) amasezerano imwe yasinywe. (Toni 5 z’umuringa, imigabane 200 ya sosiyete runaka, ama euro 3.000, nibindi).
3. ubuziranenge buranga. Herekanwe gukosora ibicuruzwa byihariye igiciro cyagenwe, ni ubuhe bwoko bwumutungo ushobora kwemererwa. Nibisanzwe, ikintu cyihariye giteganijwe kumitungo mbisi (material).
4. Agaciro. Igenwa hashingiwe ku gihe cyagenwe n’amasezerano, iyo kubara cyangwa gutanga byakozwe.
5. Amagambo. Irasobanura uburyo bwo gushyiraho ibiciro byumutungo kandi biterwa nubwoko bwayo:
   • kubicuruzwa, imigabane, amafaranga, igiciro gishyirwaho numubare w’amafaranga (amafaranga 80 kumayero 1, nibindi);
   • niba ibicuruzwa ari ingwate no kubitsa, igiciro kibarwa ukurikije umusaruro;
   • kumitungo muburyo bwa portfolios yubwoko butandukanye bwibicuruzwa, igiciro nigiciro cyibiciro byibiciro kuri portfolio ubwayo;
   • kumitungo itari isanzwe, igiciro kibarwa kugiti cye, ukurikije ibiranga.
6. Teka. Impinduka ntoya mubiciro byumutungo wemerewe namasezerano, kurugero, 1 ku ijana. Intambwe – imipaka yo guhindura igiciro kimwe, gishobora kuba inshuro nyinshi gusa iyi ntambwe cyangwa amatiku.
7. Igiciro cyagereranijwe. Icyo giciro cyumutungo, nicyo shingiro ryimiturire iriho kandi yanyuma nkuko amasezerano abiteganya.

Ingamba zo gucuruza ejo hazaza

Nta ngamba nyinshi zubucuruzi zigihe kizaza. Muri byo, ibyingenzi ni:

1. Inzitizi. Kugura ejo hazaza kumitungo yuzuzanya. Kurugero: isosiyete yindege igura amasezerano yigihe kizaza kuri peteroli kugirango yirinde ibyago byo guhomba biturutse ku izamuka ryibiciro bya peteroli.
2. Kubona umutungo. Kugura ibicuruzwa kubiciro biri munsi yibyo bizaza.
3. Ibihuha. Dufashe ko izamuka ryibiciro byumutungo, umucuruzi arayigura kugirango ayigurishe mugihe igiciro kizamutse.
4. guhindagurika. Nibisanzwe, ibitekerezo byikora mugihe gito (kugeza kuri milisegonda) ihinduka ryibiciro.
5. Ubukemurampaka. Gufungura ibikorwa bitandukanye. Kurugero: kugura ikigega no kugurisha ejo hazaza kugirango ubone inyungu zirangiye.

Ni akaga ki ku bashya?

Abacuruzi batangiye barashobora gutakaza amafaranga yabo yose mu kwibira muri “pisine”. Udafite uburambe buhagije, tekereza ku kaga:

• kubaho kwabakozi ba buriganya (hari umubare utabarika muribo kuri enterineti);
• kwamamaza byizeza inyungu zidasanzwe nkigisubizo cyo gukanda kamwe;
• kwiba konti na konti kubera ijambo ryibanga ryoroshye ryashyizweho numucuruzi cyangwa kubika ijambo ryibanga muri rusange;
• ikizere cyumucuruzi kubyerekeranye no kubara umusoro no kuvunja – burigihe ukomeze umushinga wimibare yigenga;
• amarangamutima yawe imbere yibitekerezo mugihe ufata ibyemezo.

Ibibazo bikunze kubazwa

Kwagura icyerekezo cyubumenyi bwabo, buri muntu byanze bikunze ahura nubuswa. Kubera iyo mpamvu, havuka ibibazo bishya. Hasi nibisanzwe mubashoramari bashya n’abacuruzi.

Nigute utakora amakosa mugihe uhisemo broker?

Biragoye kubimenya mbere. Suzuma ibipimo:

• kuba hari ibitekerezo byiza no kubura ibibi bitera gukeka – isubiramo rishobora kuba impimbano;
• igihe gihagije cyimirimo yisosiyete (hiyongereyeho igihe cyakazi hamwe nigihe kizaza);
• genzura niba ikigo cyabakozi gifite uruhushya (hariho rejisitiri zidasanzwe kurubuga rwivunjisha rya Moscou na Banki yUburusiya);
• imiterere yimirimo yisosiyete bitewe nibikenewe: gukwirakwiza (komisiyo), gukoresha imbaraga, ibikoresho byubucuruzi bikenewe nibindi bipimo bifitemo inyungu umucuruzi, ntabwo ari isosiyete ikora umwuga.

Nakura he amateka ya cote?

Gutezimbere ingamba zubucuruzi kandi muri rusange kumahugurwa yuzuye mubucuruzi, abatangiye murwego bazakenera byanze bikunze amateka yamagambo yigihe kizaza mumyaka yashize. Amakuru nkaya murayasanga kurubuga rwemewe rwabakozi, ndetse no kurubuga rwihariye rwamakuru yimari, urugero, https://www.finam.ru/.

Nakura he urutonde rwuzuye rw’ejo hazaza?

Urutonde rwuzuye rwibicuruzwa bizaza bitangazwa kurubuga rwo guhanahana amakuru hamwe namahuriro yimari yihariye. Amakuru avugururwa mugihe gikwiye, birashoboka kubaka urutonde ukoresheje ibipimo byungurura.

Bigenda bite kumunsi wanyuma wubucuruzi?

Umunsi wanyuma wubucuruzi (expiration) uzana hamwe no gukuraho ejo hazaza mubucuruzi. Na none, kurangira ni umunsi wo gusohoza inshingano zemeranijwe mumasezerano kuruhande rwumuguzi nugurisha. Ku munsi wo kurangiriraho ku gihe kizaza cyo kwishura, kuvunja byerekana ibisubizo, ukurikije ibisubizo, inguzanyo hamwe n’amafaranga yo kubikuza kuri konti y’umugurisha n’umuguzi. Mu masezerano yigihe kizaza, umugurisha yakira amafaranga kubicuruzwa, naho umuguzi ahabwa uburenganzira bwo kubitunga.

Abashoramari bakeneye ejo hazaza?

Buri mushoramari yihitiramo niba azakoresha ibikoresho byimari nkubucuruzi bwigihe kizaza. Iyo umushoramari yiyemeje guhitamo iki gikoresho, agomba kuzirikana:

• ahazaza – ibikorwa byigihe gito bisaba kwibanda no kwitabwaho;
• abafite amasezerano yigihe kizaza ntibabona amafaranga yinjiza muburyo bwinyungu;
• mugihe habaye igihombo kirekire, ntibizashoboka “gutegereza” (kugeza igihe ibiciro bihindutse mubyerekezo bifitiye umushoramari) (ejo hazaza harigihe).

Ni ibihe bintu biranga guhitamo ejo hazaza?

Abacuruzi bamwe, mugihe bahisemo amasezerano yigihe kizaza nkibintu byambere kugirango bagirane amasezerano, bahagarare kuri kazoza, itariki izarangiriraho iteganijwe mugihe cya vuba. Kuri uyumunsi niho hagaragara umuvuduko mwinshi. Amasezerano menshi afite igihe cyamezi atatu. Irangizwa ryamasezerano menshi riba le 15. Muguhitamo ibizaza birangira kare kurenza abandi, hari amahirwe menshi yo kubona inyungu (hasigaye igihe gito kugirango ihindagurika ryibiciro). Ibi ntabwo ari rusange, ahubwo ni amahitamo rusange. Aristote yavuze kandi ko “ubwoba butuma abantu batekereza.” Gusobanukirwa n’ingaruka z’ubucuruzi bw’ejo hazaza bushishikariza abatangiye guhora bigisha mu isi irushanwa ku isoko. Buri ntambwe nshya igomba gukorwa mubushake kandi bwitondewe, gusesengura ingaruka.