Ukuhweba nge-algorithmic ezikhungweni ze-ITI Capital: ukudalwa kwamarobhothi okuhweba, ama-API, amapulatifomu

Ukuhweba nge-algorithmic ezikhungweni ze-ITI Capital – ukudalwa kwamarobhothi, amapulatifomu. I-ITI Capital iyawakhathalela amaklayenti ayo futhi inikeza inhlobonhlobo yezinsizakalo. Ochwepheshe basebenzisa indlela yomuntu ngamunye kumhwebi ngamunye. Inkampani esebenzisa ubuchwepheshe obuthuthukisiwe emisebenzini yayo ilungile kubasebenzisi abakhetha ukuhweba besebenzisa amarobhothi futhi baxhume ekushintshisaneni ngokuqondile. Abadayisi be-Algo bangasebenzisa i-SMARTcom, okuwuhlelo oluvulekile lokusebenzisa uhlelo (API), kanye ne-SMARTx, ethathwa njengetheminali yokuhweba engcono kakhulu efakwe inketho yokuzakhela awakho ama-algorithms okuhweba, emisebenzini yabo. Ozakwethu be-ITI Capital bangabathengisi besoftware abahamba phambili abakha amarobhothi okuhweba ngezicelo zamakhasimende. Uma kunesidingo, abadayisi be-algorithmic bangasebenzisa izinsizakalo zabo.

I-API nesofthiwe yabadayisi be-algorithmic

Abathengisi be-Algo abafaka amarobhothi ukuze bahwebe bangasebenzisa i-SMARTcom, isixhumi esibonakalayo sohlelo lokusebenza esivulekile (API) sisebenzisa imodeli yento yengxenye. Ngenxa yokusebenzisa i-interface ye-SMARTcom, abahwebi ngokuzimela:

• dock izinhlelo zabo zokuhweba nge-server yokuhweba;
• dala amasistimu azenzakalelayo;
• ukuthuthukisa izindawo zokuhweba;
• dala ama-bots okuhweba akwazi ukuxhumana ngqo neseva yokuhweba yomthengisi.

Izinzuzo eziyinhloko zihlanganisa:

1. Amathuba okuxhumana okuqondile kwerobhothi kumaseva e-ITI Capital ngokudlula i-interface yeklayenti . Ngakho-ke, abathengisi bathola ngokushesha ulwazi mayelana nesimo se-akhawunti nokuhweba. Irobhothi lithumela ama-oda okuhweba ngqo “emakethe” futhi lilawula ukubulawa kwawo.
2. Ukuqinisekisa ukucutshungulwa okusheshayo kwama-oda nokusabalalisa izingcaphuno ezivela ekushintshanisweni . Isibonelo, cabangela abasebenzisi abaxhuma kusuka eMoscow. Isilinganiso sokubuya nokubuya kwesicelo sizoba ngu-55 ms. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, izixazululo ezifanayo azinaso isikhathi ngisho ne-200 ms.
3. Ikhono lokulandelela wonke ama-oda nezikhundla ezikhiqizwe i-bot / kumatheminali okuhweba enkampani (SMARTweb / SMARTx / akhawunti yomuntu siqu). Le nzuzo izobaluleka ikakhulukazi uma kudingekile ukulungisa iphutha irobhothi.
4. Ukuxhumana ne-ITI Capital yokuhweba amaseva wezinhlelo zokuhweba zemishini kumapulatifomu esoftware ahlukahlukene asekela lobu buchwepheshe, okungenzeka ngenxa yokusetshenziswa kwemodeli yento yengxenye. Isibonelo, i-Java/C++/ Visual Basic/Visual Basic for Application, njll.

Ezimweni lapho kunezinkinga ngokuxhuma i-SMARTcom, kufanelekile ukuthintana nomnyango wesevisi yamakhasimende ukuze uthole usizo.

Qaphela! Ukuze kuzuzwe ukusebenza kahle kwesofthiwe, umsebenzisi uzodinga ukunakekela ukudala ukungena okungeziwe kwe-akhawunti yokuhweba.

Izicelo eziningi zokuhweba zozakwethu be-ITI Capital zihambisana ne-SMARTcom API, okuyilezi:

• I-StockSharp , okuyinkundla yamahhala yokuhweba ama-bots kanye ne-automation yomjikelezo ogcwele wokuhweba kwe-algorithmic;
• I-TSLab , ebhekwa njengetheminali yesimanje yokuhwebelana enendawo eshumekiwe edingekayo ukuze kuthuthukiswe i-MTS (izinhlelo zokuhweba ngomshini);
• I- QScalp iyidrayivu yokuhweba eklanyelwe ukuhlaziywa okunembile (ngokuhweba kwesikhathi esifushane / okuphezulu-frequency ekuhwebeni, imisebenzi yejubane eliphezulu iyenziwa);
• I-Volfix , okuyithuluzi elinamandla lokusekela izinqumo zokuhweba, umakhi wedatha wakamuva, isevisi yokuhlaziya enezinketho ezidumile zokuhambisa/ukucubungula izingcaphuno;
• I-LiveTrade Scalping SMARTcom iyitheminali elungele abahwebi abakhetha ukuhweba okusebenzayo (scalping).

Itheminali yokuhweba edumile i-EasyScalp iphinde ihambisane ne-SMARTcom API, okuzoba inketho enhle kakhulu yokuhweba kwe-scalping kanye ne-
intraday .

Uxhumano oluqondile (i-DMA) lwabahwebi be-HFT

Abadayisi be-Algo nabahwebi be-HFT banethuba lokusebenzisa izixazululo eziningi ezihloselwe ukunikeza ukufinyelela okuqondile emakethe yezezimali.
Ukufinyelela kumasayithi ohlobo lwesivinini esikhulu kuthathwa njengokufinyelela okuqondile. Ngosizo lwayo, ochwepheshe banethuba lokuzibandakanya ekubekeni ama-oda ku-TS (uhlelo lokuhweba) ngokudlula ngqo uhlelo lokuhweba lomthengisi. Lokhu kunciphisa kakhulu isikhathi sokulethwa kwama-oda ekuhwebeni. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, umsebenzisi uthola ngokushesha ulwazi mayelana nesimo sohlelo lokusebenza. Ukufinyelela okuqondile kuyadingeka kubathengisi abenza inani elikhulu lokuthengiselana ngosuku. Leli su lizwela ukubambezeleka. Ukufinyelela okuqondile ngesivinini esiphezulu kunikezwa kumakhasimende eSt. Petersburg / Moscow Exchange:

• imakethe yamasheya, okuyimakethe yamasheya enkulu kunazo zonke e-CIS/Eastern and Central Europe;
• imakethe yokuphuma kokunye, ebhekwa njengenkundla ehamba phambili yokuhweba amathuluzi ezezimali aphuma kokunye eMpumalanga Yurophu naseRussian Federation;
• imakethe yokuhwebelana kwamanye amazwe, okuyingxenye ebaluleke kakhulu yemakethe yezezimali yeRussian Federation.

Ukwenza uxhumano oluqondile, umsebenzisi uzodinga umthamo we-hardware, ozokwanela ukuxhuma ekushintsheni.

Qaphela! Uma uthanda, ungahlanganyela ekuthuthukisweni kwesofthiwe ezimele noma uthenge isofthiwe kozakwethu benkampani.

Ithebula elingezansi libonisa imigomo esekelwe i-Moscow Exchange.

Ukusebenzisa i-FAST ne-FIX yokufaka ama-oda/ukuthola usuku lwemakethe kuthathwa njengenketho eshesha kakhulu yokuhweba ngemali kanye nezimakethe zamasheya. Uma umsebenzisi ehlela ukuhweba ngemakethe yokuphuma kokunye, ochwepheshe batusa ukusebenzisa izivumelwano ze-TWIME+FAST. Inketho ethi FIX+FAST kuleli cala izosebenza kancane. I-Plaza 2 iyindlela eguquguqukayo kakhulu, kodwa ijubane lale protocol lihamba kancane kunezinketho zangaphambilini. Uhlelo lokuhweba lomdayisi luvumelanisa ama-oda nezikhundla ezakhiwe phakathi nomsebenzi ngoxhumano oluqondile. Ngenxa yalokhu, umthengisi uzokwazi ukulawula imisebenzi eyenziwa ngezinhlelo zokusebenza zeselula / i-akhawunti yomuntu siqu kanye ne-SMARTx. Uma umsebenzisi enqume ukuthuthukisa isoftware yakhe, khona-ke ngaphambi kokuqala ukusebenza nokuhwebelana, kufanelekile ukunakekela ukudlulisa isitifiketi ekuhwebeni ngokuya ngohlelo olujwayelekile. Isofthiwe yokubhalisa iqinisekisiwe. Asikho isitifiketi esengeziwe esidingekayo.

I-HFT Fare Builder

Ngezansi ungathola izinhlelo zentela zenkampani yabathengi i-ITI Capital:

1. Uhlelo lwentela “Zama” luyinketho ekahle yabaqalayo emkhakheni wokuhweba nge-algorithmic abane-akhawunti endaweni yesikhulumi, kodwa abangakaze benze noma yikuphi ukuthengiselana kuyo izinyanga eziyi-12. Inani lokuqala lediphozithi lingama-ruble angama-50,000. I-Margin loaning ifinyelela ku-15% ngonyaka. Ezimweni lapho inzuzo yokuhweba ingeqi ama-ruble angama-20,000,000. ngenyanga, ikhomishana yemisebenzi yokuhweba izoba ngu-0.5-0.15% ngokuthengiselana (kuye ngokuthi imakethe).
2. Uhlelo lwentela “Isitoko” . Kulesi simo, iphesenti lekhomishana lizoxhomeka kumthamo wokuhweba nsuku zonke. Inani lemali ebanjwayo lizoba ngu-0.017% -0.035% yenani lokwenziwe.
3. Uhlelo lwe-Tariff “Oluphuthumayo” . Iphesenti lekhomishini lisebangeni lama-20-100% wekhomishana yokushintshisana. Inani lemali ebanjwayo lizoncika emalini yokuhweba ngosuku.
4. Uhlelo lwentela “Uhlobo lwemali” . Ikhomishana yomthengisi izoba ngu-0.004% -0.013% yenani lokwenziwe.
5. Uhlelo lwentela “Impahla” . Ikhomishini yomthengisi isebangeni lama-20% -100%. Ukuze ubale inani lemali ebanjwayo yesivumelwano sokushintshana, udinga ukuphindaphinda u-0.004% ngenani lezinsuku phakathi kokwenziwe kokuqala kanye nedethi yokwenziwayo kwesibili. Ezinkontileka eziya phambili, ikhomishini ingu-0.25% yenani lokwenziwe.
6. Uhlelo lwenkokhelo “OTC” . Inani lokubanjwa kwekhomishana lizoncika ephaketheni lentela: isikhathi esithe xaxa/ebolekiwe/indawo. Iphesenti lekhomishini lizoba ngu-0.15 kuya ku-0.2% yenani.

Ezimeni lapho inani lezimpahla zizonke ekupheleni kwenyanga lidlula ama-ruble angu-50,000, ayikho imali ezokhokhiswa ngokusevisa ama-akhawunti. Uma imfuneko ingafinyelelwa, umhwebi kuzodingeka akhokhe ama-ruble angu-300. ukugcinwa kwe-akhawunti kwanyanga zonke.

Isevisi ye-SMARTgate yamaklayenti axhumene ngqo

I-SMARTgate iyisiphakeli esikhethekile esikhawulelayo esibambayo esifakwa phakathi kwesango lokushintshisana kanye nerobhothi elixhumanisa ngqo lokuhweba. Amabhothi abona iseva elibamba njengesango lokushintshisana elivamile. Asikho isidingo sokwenza izinguquko ezengeziwe ohlelweni. Besebenzisa ubuchwepheshe obuyingqayizivele, abadayisi be-algo banethuba lokuhweba ngokuxhumeka okuqondile kusuka ku-akhawunti eyodwa kuzo zonke izimakethe ze-Moscow Exchange. Ngenxa yalokhu, ungonga okuningi ngokusebenzisa amathuluzi ahlobene ngokunqamula imingcele. Esithombeni esingezansi, ungabona umdwebo woxhumano oluqondile lwe-SMARTgate.
Kumodi yangemva kohwebo, iseva yokulawula ubungozi yesistimu yokuhweba ibala kabusha imikhawulo ekuhwebeni kwe-SMARTgate. Lokhu kukuvumela ukuthi unciphise isikhathi sokuhlola i-oda leklayenti kuhlobo lwemali/izimakethe zamasheya. Ngenxa yale ndlela, inkampani ikhawulela amakhasimende ayo ukuhweba ngoxhumano oluqondile ngemibandela ekhethwayo ngesikhathi sangempela. Izinhlobo zokuxhuma ezisekelwa yi-SMARTgate ezimakethe ze-Moscow Exchange zifaka:

• I-TWIME/Plaza II/FIX iyindlela efanelekile emakethe yokuphuma kokunye;
• I-FIX iwuhlobo lokuxhumana lwemali kanye nezimakethe zamasheya.

Ukuze uxhume i-SMARTgate, abasebenzisi kufanele bathinte umnyango wosekelo lobuchwepheshe. Inombolo yocingo yokusekela – 8 (495) 933-32-32. Uma ushayela usuka esifundeni, udinga ukudayela inombolo 8 (800) 200-32-35.

Indawo kanye nokuqashwa kwemishini

Ukuze uxhume ngokuqondile ekuhwebeni, umthengisi we-algorithmic ngeke adinge kuphela imishini ethembekile, kodwa futhi nokuxhumana okuhle. Kunezinketho ezimbalwa zokuxhuma okuqondile. Ngezansi ungafunda kabanzi mayelana ngamunye wabo.

Inombolo yokukhetha 1

Kulokhu, ukuxhumana kunethiwekhi yokushintshisana kusungulwa nge-VPN. Ngesango elivikelekile le-VPN i-ITI Capital, esebenza emishinini yesimanje ye-Cisco, i-bot yomsebenzisi ixhuma ekuhwebeni. Lolu khetho luzojabulisa ngezindleko ezamukelekayo, kodwa luzophazamisa isivinini. Kufanele kukhunjulwe ukuthi ngesikhathi sesiginali sidlula ku-inthanethi kusuka kumthengisi we-algorithmic kuya esikhungweni sedatha sokuhwebelana, kukhona ukubambezeleka okukhulu kwejubane. Esifundeni saseMoscow, le nkomba iphakathi kuka-10-12 ms.

Inombolo yenketho 2

Ukusebenzisa inketho yesibili kuhlanganisa ukuqasha iseva ebonakalayo endaweni yokuhlanganisa yokushintshisana. Umsebenzisi uzodinga ukunakekela ukuqasha iseva ye-ITI Capital virtual. Ngenxa yokuthi izinto zokusebenza lapho lawa maseva afakwe khona zitholakala endaweni yokwabiwa, ama-oda azolethwa ekuhwebeni ngokushesha okukhulu. Le nketho iyawabekezelela amaphutha. Lokhu kulungiselelwa kuzokwaziswa abadayisi be-algorithmic abasebenzisa i-Linux.

Inombolo yokukhetha 3

Usebenzisa inketho yesithathu ukuxhuma, kufanele unakekele ukubeka iseva endaweni yamahhala. Iseva izotholakala esikhungweni sedatha sokushintshisana kwe-DataSpace, ekamelweni elilandelayo ukusuka endaweni ye-colocation. Le nketho izokusindisa kakhulu. Qaphela! Ubude besikhathi sokulibaziseka lapho isignali idlula endaweni lapho amaseva akhona asikho ngaphezu kuka-3 ms.

Inombolo yenketho 4

Inketho ebiza kakhulu ibhekwa njengokubekwa kweseva yomsebenzisi endaweni yokuhlanganisa. Le ndlela ikuvumela ukuba ufinyelele isivinini esiphezulu nokuthembeka. Ama-racks e-ITI Capital endaweni ye-colocation axhunywe ekushintsheni usebenzisa i-10Gb / s optical channel. Ngaso leso sikhathi, kusetshenziswa amaswishi ekhwalithi ephezulu ye-Cisco Nexus. Abadayisi be-Algo bathola ithuba lokusebenzisa:

• I-VPN yokuphatha iseva;
• ukwesekwa kwezobuchwepheshe kochwepheshe abahamba phambili be-ITI Capital;
• ukuphathwa okukude ngembobo yokuphatha ye-IP;
• isiteshi ekuhwebeni;
• ikhono lokuxhuma esiteshini samandla esiyisipele.

Kufanele kukhunjulwe ukuthi kunezidingo zamaseva abekwe endaweni ye-colocation. Kufanele okungenani kube nezinto zamandla ezi-2. Amamodeli wamakhadi enethiwekhi anokufakwa kwe-optical afanele ukusebenza. Uzodinga futhi inguqulo ye-rack yeseva (amayintshi angu-19).

Iseluleko! Ukuze uthole ulwazi oluthe xaxa mayelana nokuxhumana okuqondile, kufanele uxhumane nochwepheshe. Ukuze wenze lokhu, vele ushayele inombolo 8 (495) 933-32-32.

https://articles.opexflow.com/brokers/iti-capital.htm

Ukwakhiwa kwamarobhothi okuhweba

Ithimba le-ITI Capital lisebenze ngokunenzuzo ekuthuthukisweni kwephakheji yesofthiwe evulekile ye-SMARTcom, ekuvumela ukuthi uzenzele ama-bots akho ukuze uhwebe ku-stock exchange. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-SMARTcom isiza ukuhlanganiswa kwezinhlelo zokuhweba ezenziwe ngomumo ezenziwe ngomumo neseva yokuhweba. I-ITI Capital inabalingani abathembekile, abangathintwa umhwebi ngamunye ukuze abeke i-oda lokwakhiwa kwerobhothi lokuhweba. Uma ufisa, ungathenga i-bot eyenziwe ngomumo. Lapho bekhetha noma be-oda irobhothi, abathengisi kufanele bagxile esu labo lokuhweba. Futhi kucatshangelwe:

• isivinini esidingekayo ekuhwebeni;
• izindleko zesevisi;
• indlela eyamukelekayo yokuxhumana.

Abasebenzisi banethuba lokuthenga amathuluzi adingekayo futhi benze ngokuzimela amatheminali okuhweba ohlelweni lwe-SMARTcom bebodwa, ngaphandle kokusebenzisa usizo lochwepheshe.

I-SmartCOM: izici, ukufakwa nokucushwa

Isixhumi esibonakalayo seklayenti le-SMARTcom 3.0 sisebenza endaweni enemicu eminingi, ngakho-ke imicimbi yamakhasimende (Engeza Uhwebo/Engeza Iphothifoliyo, njll.) ingabizwa ngemicu eyahlukene. Akukho ukubhafa kwedatha eyengeziwe. Imicimbi ingabizwa ngokuqondile ngokushesha nje lapho idatha yamukelwe. Lapho ucubungula lezi zenzakalo, ochwepheshe batusa ukugwema ukuvimbela isikhathi eside. Noma yiziphi izindlela ze-interface ziphephile ngochungechunge. Asikho isidingo sokusebenzisa ukuvumelanisa okwengeziwe. Izindlela zesixhumi esibonakalayo zingabizwa ngokuqondile kubaphathi bemicimbi. Abathuthukisi banakekele ukungeza amandla okulawula imodi yokuxhuma e-asynchronous / synchronous. Kufanele kukhunjulwe ukuthi usebenzisa imodi yokuxhuma ehambisanayo, umhwebi kufanele alinde kuze kusungulwe uxhumano.

Qaphela! Uhlobo olukhethiwe lwemodi yokuxhumana aluthinti uhambo lokuya nokubuya lwethikithi. Izinguquko zizothinta kuphela isikhathi sokuphendula socingo lomyalo.

Ukufaka isixhumi esibonakalayo se-SmartCOM, uzodinga ukulanda futhi usebenzise iwizadi yokufaka isofthiwe (https://iticapital.ru/software/smartcom/). Ngemva kokuvela kwewindi lezilungiselelo esikrinini, kufanele uqale ukugcwalisa izinkambu.
Emgqeni othi “Igama lomsebenzisi” khombisa igama le-akhawunti yomthengisi ohlelweni lwe-ITInvest. Okulandelayo, faka inhlanganisela eyimfihlo yokufinyelela ku-ITInvest. Ukuze kuboniswe iwindi lokuxhuma futhi nephasiwedi igcinwe, omaka babekwe phambi kwemigqa ehambisanayo. Lapho ukhetha ukusebenzisa iseva eyisipele, umsebenzisi uyaqiniseka ukuthi uma kwenzeka ukwehluleka kweseva eyinhloko, iseva eyisipele ixhunyiwe. Emgqeni wokuxhuma kabusha kwesikhathi sokuvala, kufanele ufake isikhawu sesikhathi ngemva kwalokho, uma uxhumano kulahleka, inqubo yokusungula uxhumano olusha izoqala. Ezingeni lamalogi, izinga lokungena kolwazi liyakhethwa, okungaba okujwayelekile noma okuningiliziwe. Okulandelayo, bakhetha ifolda yamalogi futhi bakhombise isikhathi lapho ukuthunyelwa kwezinhlelo zokusebenza kuzovinjwa ngemva kokusungulwa kokuxhumana nomhlinzeki wedatha. Ngokuvula ukubonakala kokuthengiselana, umsebenzisi uzokwazi ukubuka amadili/ama-oda akhe ungaxhunyiwe ku-inthanethi. Ngokumaka ibhokisi eliseduze komugqa othi “Izilungiselelo ze-Caches”, abadayisi babeka isikhathi lapho ulwazi mayelana nokuthengiselana / ama-oda (akhishiwe futhi akhanseliwe) azogcinwa. Esigabeni sokugcina, ukujula komlando womkhaza kusethiwe.

Izici zokuhweba ohlelweni lwe-MatriX

Amaklayenti axhunywe ohlelweni lokuhweba lwe-MatriX anethuba lokufaka ama-oda, ukuthola imicimbi mayelana nama-oda/amadili/izikhundla kuma-akhawunti ezikhundla ezitezi zokuhweba.
Uhlobo lwama-akhawunti eposi luzoba kanje: BPNNNN-YY-NN. Kulesi singeniso, i-CU izokhombisa okuyingxenye yesikhulumi sokuhweba:

• I-MS iyimakethe yamasheya ye-Moscow Exchange;
• RF – Moscow Exchange Derivatives Market;
• FX – Moscow Exchange (imakethe yemali);
• LS – London Stock Exchange.

Qaphela! Indlela yokuxhuma: I-SMARTcom API (inguqulo 3.0 nangaphezulu). Ikheli: Iseva – mxr.ittrade.ru, port – 8443.

Kufanele kucatshangelwe ukuthi ama-oda we-MARKET/LIMIT adluliselwe ezinhlelweni zokushintshisana, ukuthengiselana okwenziwe kula ma-oda kanye nezikhundla ezivulwe kulokhu kuthengiselana zivumelaniswa phakathi nezikhathi zokuhweba.

Qaphela! Ukuvumelanisa ama-oda anemibandela (STOP/STOP-LIMIT/ Ama-IQ ama-oda/ ama-oda amisiwe alandelwa kuseva yomthengisi, njll.) phakathi kwezinhlelo zokuhweba ayenziwa.

Ukuze imiyalo enemibandela ebekwe futhi ikhohliwe kuseva eyodwa ayisebenzi ngokungalindelekile kumhwebi, akufanele usebenze nabo ezimeni lapho kube khona ukushintsha kusuka kuseva yokuhweba kuya kwenye. Kuyafaneleka futhi ukwenqaba ukusebenzisa ama-oda e-GTC ngaphandle kwesidingo. Ekupheleni kokuhweba, udinga ukunakekela ukuhlola ukuba khona kwama-oda anemibandela evulekile ezinhlelweni zokuhweba ezisetshenziswayo. Ngemva kokuba inkontileka yezinkonzo zabathengi isiqediwe, futhi isicelo sifakiwe, ungabeka ama-oda okuthengiswa / ukuthengwa kwamasheya. Umhwebi kuzodingeka alinde ukuqinisekiswa okuzenzakalelayo okuza ngemva kokuthengiselana. Akudluli amasekhondi angu-0.1-0.5 kusukela ngesikhathi isicelo sithunyelwa kuze kube umlayezo uvela esikrinini, kuya ngekhwalithi yokuxhumeka.

Ikhipha isixhumi esibonakalayo se-SmartCOM

Uma kuba nesidingo sokususa isixhumi esibonakalayo, umhwebi uzodinga ukuchofoza ku-Qala, uye esigabeni Sephaneli Yokulawula bese ucindezela isigaba esithi Engeza/Susa Isofthiwe. Kuhlu lwezinhlelo zokusebenza, khetha i-SmartCOM bese ucindezela ukuqinisekiswa kwezenzo.
Besebenzisa isikhombimsebenzisi esivulekile, abadayisi bathola ithuba lokungagcini nje ukuhambisa ama-oda ohlelweni lokuhweba, kodwa futhi nokuxhuma kuseva yokuhweba nokufunda ulwazi lwemakethe lwakamuva.