Liyini ikusasa nendlela yokwenza imali kulo?

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Isiphetho sezinkontileka zesikhathi esizayo asikusha, kodwa minyaka yonke ithuluzi elisetshenziswa ngokuqhubekayo emakethe yamasheya. Abadayisi abasafufusa kanye nabatshalizimali bavame ukunaka ikusasa, bebona ukuthi leli thuluzi lithembisa kangakanani. Ukuqaliswa ngempumelelo kwezohwebo kudinga ukuqonda imigomo yayo kanye nemininingwane ethile.

Ikusasa njengethuluzi lokuhweba ngamasheya

Inkontileka yesikhathi esizayo yisivumelwano sokuthenga noma ukuthengisa impahla ngedethi ethile ngentengo enqunywe kusengaphambili. Izimpahla eziyisisekelo amabhondi, izimali, izilinganiso zenzalo kanye nezinga lokwehla kwamandla emali emakethe yaseMoscow Exchange. Isibonelo esilula senkontileka yesikhathi esizayo:

  1. Umlimi uyalima futhi adayise ubhontshisi. Kulo nyaka kubiza ama-ruble ayikhulu avamile, kodwa kunezibikezelo zokuthi ihlobo lizobonga, okusho ukuthi ukuvuna kuyoba kuningi. Lokhu kusho ukuthi ekwindla ukunikezwa kuzoqala ukudlula isidingo sikabhontshisi. Izintengo zizokwehla.
  2. Umlimi akafuni ukudayisa ubhontshisi ngemali ephansi. Uthola abathengi kusengaphambili, abakholelwa ukuthi isivuno sizoba sibi, futhi amanani azokhuphuka ngokufanele.
  3. Bavumelana phakathi kwabo ukuthi ezinyangeni eziyisithupha umlimi uzonikeza umthengi ubhontshisi ngama-ruble ayikhulu avamile ngethani.

Kulesi sibonelo, umlimi udlala indima yokuba umdayisi wakusasa – ulungisa inani kanye nosuku oluthile lapho izimpahla zizolethwa khona kumthengi. Lona umnyombo wokuhweba ngekusasa. Ukuhweba kwenziwa emakethe yamasheya.

Umehluko phakathi kwekusasa nezitoko

Umehluko oyisisekelo phakathi kwalezi zisetshenziswa zombili usezintweni ezidayiswayo. Yilo mehluko odala ukonga. Umhwebi akazitshali zonke izimali, kodwa kuphela inani elinqunyiwe lazo – izibopho zokuqinisekisa. Lokhu kuvame ukuba ngu-12-13% yenani lempahla ngokwayo. Umehluko phakathi kwekusasa nezitoko kulula ukuwuqonda ngesibonelo esingokomfanekiso:

  1. U-Angelina wafunda uketshezi oluningi kakhulu (lolo olungadayiswa ngokushesha eduze nenani lentengo) ikusasa le-Moscow Exchange futhi wanquma ukuthenga amasheya ayi-100 noma ikusasa eliyi-100 lamasheya e-Gazprom. Intengo yamasheya yamanje ingama-ruble angama-228.
  2. Ukuze uthenge, u-Angelina kuzodingeka asebenzise:
    • ngezabelo eziyi-100 – 228 x 100 = 22,800 ruble;
    • ngekusasa le-100 – 228 x 100 x 12% = 2736 ruble.
  3. Inani lekusasa lincane kakhulu. Akuyona impahla ngokwayo ethengwayo, kodwa ingxabano yokushintsha inani layo.

Kukhona nezinye umehluko. Ikakhulukazi kugqame:

  1. Ukuba semthethweni. Inqunyelwe ikusasa. Okusho ukuthi, ngemva kokuthenga inkontileka yesikhathi esizayo yezinyanga ezi-4, izibopho ezishiwo kunkontileka kufanele zigcwaliseke ezinyangeni ezi-4. Amasheya angeke athengiswe noma nini.
  2. Ukunikeza amandla. Lapho uthenga inkontileka yesikhathi esizayo, isilinganiso siyanikezwa (okuboniswa kunkontileka). Ukulahlekelwa noma inzuzo ibalwa kucatshangelwa ukuthi yini ngempela eyatholwa, nakuba ngomqondo ongokoqobo ayizange itholwe.

Izinhlobo zezinkontileka

Kunezinhlobo ezimbili zezinkontileka zesikhathi esizayo – ukudiliva nokukhokhelana. Abadayisi abazimele baphendukela ekusebenziseni uhlobo lwesibili lokuthengiselana. I-Futures, okuyinkontileka yesinxephezelo:

  • iyithuluzi lokwenza imali ngokuhluka kwamanani;
  • ngemva kokuphela kwesikhathi esinqunyiwe sokuba semthethweni (isikhathi sokuphelelwa yisikhathi) senkontileka, impahla ayilethwanga ngendlela yayo yemvelo, kodwa umkhawulo wayo wokuhluka uyabalwa.

Imajini ehlukile iyinani elibalwa ngokushintshanisa, elibonisa ukuthi zingakanani izimali ezizosulwa noma zifakwe ku-akhawunti yokuhweba yomhwebi. Ngenxa yalokho, abahlanganyeli kwinkontileka yesikhathi esizayo bangenza inzuzo noma bahlale belahlekelwe.
Imajini yokuhluka

Isebenza kanjani?

Iphuzu lokuhweba ukuthenga okuphansi futhi uthengise phezulu. Umehluko phakathi kwamanani okuthenga nokudayisa okuyinzuzo efiswa ngumhwebi. Ekupheleni kwenkontileka, kwenzeka okunye kwalokhu okulandelayo, kuye ngokuthi intengo yomkhiqizo iziphathe kanjani:

  • intengo yahlala ingashintshiwe – isimo sezezimali somthengi nomthengisi asizange sishintshe;
  • intengo ikhuphukile – umthengi uzuzile, futhi umdayisi ulahlekelwe yimali;
  • intengo yawa – umthengi wahlala ekulahlekelweni, futhi umdayisi wathola inzuzo (inzuzo).

Noma yimaphi amaqembu enkontileka, eqaphela ukuthi ekupheleni kwesikhathi sokuphelelwa yisikhathi, uzolahlekelwa, ngeke esakwazi ukumisa inqubo. I-exchange ilawula isibopho samaqembu sokuthengisa/ukuthenga izimpahla ngesikhathi esishiwo kunkontileka. Ukulawula kwenziwa ngendlela yokukhokha okuphoqelekile kwediphozi yomshuwalense (isibambiso) ngabathintekayo esivumelwaneni. Inani lenkontileka alikhokhwa ngokugcwele kusengaphambili, kodwa “idiphozithi” kuma-akhawunti abadayisi ifriziwe. Ubukhulu bediphozithi bunqunywa uhlobo nento yokwenza. Isamba semali engenayo engaba khona esikhathini esizayo ngokuqondile sincike enanini lezimali ezitshaliwe. Okusho ukuthi, uma kuthengwa izinkontileka eziningi, inzuzo elindelekile inkulu.

Sebenzisa amandla

Ezimakethe zezimali, izimo zivame ukuvela lapho umthengisi eboleka khona imali kumhwebi ukuze lo wakamuva akwazi ukuvula izikhundla ezinkulu. Lesi senzo sibizwa nge-leverage futhi sisetshenziswa ekuhwebeni kwesikhathi esizayo. Akubizi kubathengi ukunikeza isevisi enjalo. Ukulahlekelwa kwabo okungenzeka kukhawulelwe ebhalansi ye-akhawunti yokuhweba yeklayenti. Uma ukulahlekelwa kulingana nenani lemali ku-akhawunti yomthengisi, umthengisi uzomisa zonke izikhundla zamanje, angavumeli iklayenti ukuthi lilahlekelwe ngaphezu kwalokho elikushiyile. Ukuzuza ngokwakho akuthinti izinga lobungozi. Kuthintwa ubukhulu besikhundla esivulwe obhidayo.

Ungasebenza kuphi ngekusasa?

Ikusasa lithengiswa ngokuhwebelana ngamasheya. Kubathengisi nabathengi, abahlanganyeli bokushintshanisa, izinkontileka ezinkulu kakhulu zitholakala ngokuqondile. Labo abafisa ukuzibandakanya ekuhwebeni kwesikhathi esizayo badinga ukuvula i-akhawunti yokuhweba nenhlangano yabadayisi. Ukushintshana okunikeza amaklayenti izinkundla zokufinyelela ekuhwebeni, futhi alawule inqubo yakhona. Ukuhwebelana okukhulu kwekusasa emhlabeni:

  • I-Chicago Mercantile Exchange (CME);
  • Ibhodi Lezohwebo laseChicago (CBOT);
  • I-Euronext iyinhlangano yokuhwebelana yamazwe ngamazwe aseYurophu;
  • I-Eurex (yaseYurophu);
  • I-Moscow Currency Exchange (MICEX).

Ngaphezu kwalokhu okungenhla, imakethe yezezimali inenani elikhulu lokuhwebelana elinamanani ahlukene wokuthengiselana. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, izinkontileka zilinganiswa ngokwemibandela yale:

  • amanani;
  • izinga;
  • izikhathi zokukhokha.

Lawa mazinga awashintshi, ahlala unomphela. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ubani umthengisi ngesikhathi endalini ethile, futhi ubani umthengi. Kungakhathalekile ukuthi yiluphi ushintsho oluhlela indali.

Izimo zokubhalisa nezimo zokuhweba ku-FORTS

I-Moscow Exchange yasungula inkundla yokuhweba ikusasa (ukuba nesikhathi esinqunyiwe) izinkontileka – FORTS. Ukuze ufinyelele ipulatifomu, bhalisa nomthengisi onokufinyelela ku-stock exchange yaseRussia.

Uhlu lwezinkampani zabathengi luyatholakala kuwebhusayithi ye-Moscow Exchange – https://www.moex.com/.

Ukuhweba nge-FORTImibandela yokunikeza ukufinyelela nokusebenza ne-FORTS:

  • ukuqala ukuhweba, inani lama-ruble angu-5,000 noma ngaphezulu lanele;
  • i-akhawunti ivulwa ngesisekelo sokwethula ipasipoti kanye nesitifiketi se-TIN (umthengisi angase adinge amanye amadokhumenti);
  • isayithi likhokhisa imali yesevisi cishe ama-ruble angu-120 ngenyanga;
  • uma kungekho ukuthengiselana okwenziwe kule nyanga yamanje, umhwebi akayikhokhi insizakalo;
  • ikhomishini yokuthengiselana cishe i-ruble eyi-1;
  • uma ukuthengiselana kuqediwe ngosuku lokuphetha, ikhomishini izoba ngama-kopecks angama-50;
  • uhlelo lokuhweba ngekusasa luhambisana nokuhweba ngamasheya eMoscow Exchange – kusukela ngo-10:30 kuya ku-18:45 isikhathi saseMoscow;
  • kukhona iseshini eyengeziwe (“yakusihlwa”) yabathengisi abagxile kuma-indices angaphandle – kusukela ngo-19:00 kuya ku-23:50 isikhathi saseMoscow;
  • Ukuphelelwa yisikhathi kwenziwa izikhathi ezine ngonyaka, njengesivumelwano sokugcina nabanikazi bezinkontileka zesikhathi esizayo;
  • izintela (i-13% yemali engenayo) ikhokhiswa kanye ngonyaka (lapho umthengisi ehoxisa izimali ku-akhawunti).

Ukuthola ukufinyelela ku-CME exchange

Akuzona izikhathi ezingcono kakhulu zomnotho waseRussia, lapho ikusasa lezimpahla zezinkampani zaseRussia lishibhile, abahwebi bacabanga ngokuhweba ngokuhwebelana kwamanye amazwe. Ukufinyelela ezinkundleni zokuxhumana ze-CME kuvulekele ukuhwebelana nge-inthanethi. Ukuze uqale ukuhweba kulokhu kushintshaniswa:

  • kuyadingeka ukukhetha umthengisi ohlinzeka ngokufinyelela – ukukhethwa komthengisi kwenziwa ngokutadisha izilinganiso zabo ezisemthethweni kumawebhusayithi wabatshalizimali (https://brokers.ru/, njll.);
  • hlola ukuthi umthengisi okhethiwe uyatholakala kuwebhusayithi ye-CME exchange uqobo – https://www.cmegroup.com/, ebhalise kuyo ngaphambili;
  • ukuze babhalise, abathengisi abaningi bazodinga kuphela ipasipoti nesitifiketi se-TIN (ngezinye izikhathi abaxhumanisi bacela i-extract ebhange lapho kuvulwa i-akhawunti yeklayenti noma ibhilikhithi yokusetshenziswa);
  • ukubhaliswa nomthengisi kuhlanganisa ukugcwalisa uhlu lwemibuzo olunemibuzo mayelana nerekhodi lobugebengu, izihlobo ezisebenza kuma-ejensi kahulumeni, njll.

Izinzuzo nemibi

Ukusebenza ngalolu hlobo lwethuluzi lokutshala imali kunezinhlangothi ezinhle nezingezinhle. Izinzuzo zokuhweba ngekusasa:

  • ithuba lokusebenzisa izivumelwano zokuqagela ezinguqukweni zentengo yempahla eyisisekelo;
  • izinkampani ezikhiqizayo zithola ithuba lokubiyela (umshuwalense ngokumelene nezinguquko ezingafunwa) amanani entengo yempahla yazo;
  • ukuphothula inkontileka, asikho isidingo sokukhokha lonke inani lenani layo;
  • ukufinyelela okubanzi kwempahla ehlukahlukene (kusuka emakethe yezinto ezingavuthiwe kuya kuma-cryptocurrencies);
  • njengomthetho, i-liquidity ephezulu yezinkontileka (kodwa kukhona okuhlukile);
  • uhlobo olujwayelekile lwezinkontileka – zonke izimo sezibhaliwe, kusele kuphela ukukhetha inketho efanele;
  • amapulatifomu amaningi anikeza amandla okwenza ukuhweba ngokuzenzakalelayo.

Ububi bokuhweba ngekusasa yilaba:

  • engcupheni yokulahlekelwa ngabahwebi benani elidlula inkokhelo yokuqala ngenxa yokusetshenziswa kwesilinganiso;
  • isikhathi “sokuphila” kwenkontileka sinqunyelwe, futhi ukuze siyelule ngaphambi kokuphelelwa yisikhathi (ukubamba isikhundla), kuyadingeka ukuthenga izinsimbi ezifanayo zochungechunge olulandelayo, oluzothinta kabi inzuzo yonke;
  • ukungakwazi ukubikezela ngokucacile nangokunembile “ukuziphatha” kwamanani futhi uhlaziye izinga lengozi ekuthengiseni ngakunye, umthamo wezinkontileka nezinye izinkomba, akunangqondo ukuqala ukuhweba ikusasa;
  • ukuhweba ngekusasa kuthatha isikhathi esiningi nokunaka komhwebi.

Yini okudingeka ukwazi mayelana nokucaciswa kwesikhathi esizayo?

Wonke amapharamitha enkontileka yesikhathi esizayo aqukethwe kudokhumenti ekhethekile – ukucaciswa kwekusasa. Ukucaciswa kuthuthukiswa ukushintshanisa, kodwa abalawuli bezwe abafanelekile bemakethe bagunyazwe ukuthi bakugunyaze noma cha. Njengoba izinkontileka zesikhathi esizayo ngokwazo zisezingeni, umehluko wazo kuphela ofakiwe ekucacisweni. Yilolu lwazi umthengisi aludingayo ukuze enze isinqumo esihlobene nokuhweba kwesikhathi esizayo. Ukuqonda ukucaciswa (iyini ngempela imingcele ekhonjiswe kuyo nokuthi ithinta ini) ingenye yezimo ezibaluleke kakhulu zokuhweba okunekhono. Isakhiwo sokucaciswa kwekusasa:

  1. Igama. Isibonelo, inkontileka yekusasa yegolide.
  2. Usayizi. Inani lempahla (elilinganayo elihambisanayo) okuphothulwa lona inkontileka eyodwa. (amathani angu-5 ethusi, amasheya angu-200 enkampani ethile, ama-euro angu-3,000, njll.).
  3. isici sekhwalithi. Kuboniswa ukulungisa umkhiqizo othile okunqunywa inani lawo, ukuthi yiziphi izinhlobo zempahla ezingavunyelwa. Njengomthetho, into enjalo inqunyelwe impahla eluhlaza (impahla).
  4. Ukuba semthethweni. Kunqunywa ngokusekelwe esikhathini esishiwo yinkontileka, lapho kubalwa noma ukulethwa kwenziwa.
  5. Ikhotheshini. Ichaza indlela yokusetha intengo yempahla futhi incike ohlotsheni lwayo:
    • ngezimpahla, amasheya, izimali, intengo isethwe inani lemali (ama-ruble angu-80 nge-euro engu-1, njll.);
    • uma umkhiqizo ungamabhondi namadiphozithi, intengo ibalwa ngokusekelwe kusivuno;
    • ezimpahleni ezisesimweni samaphothifoliyo ezinhlobo ezimbalwa zezimpahla, intengo inani lenkomba yentengo yephothifoliyo ngokwayo;
    • ezimpahleni ezingajwayelekile, intengo ibalwa ngazinye, ngokusekelwe ezicini.
  6. I-teak. Ushintsho oluncane lwenani lempahla elivunyelwe yinkontileka, isibonelo, isenti elingu-1. Isinyathelo — umkhawulo wokushintsha kwentengo eyodwa, okungaba ukuphindaphinda kwalesi sinyathelo noma umaka.
  7. Intengo elinganiselwe. Leyo ntengo yempahla, eyisisekelo sakho kokubili ukukhokhelwa kwamanje nokokugcina ngaphansi kwenkontileka.

Intengo elinganiselwe

Amasu Okuhweba Kwakusasa

Awekho amasu amaningi okuhweba esikhathini esizayo. Phakathi kwazo, eziphumelela kakhulu yilezi:

  1. Ukuvikela. Ukuthengwa kwekusasa ezimpahleni ezincikene. Isibonelo: inkampani yezindiza ithenga izinkontileka zesikhathi esizayo zikawoyela ukuze izivikele engozini yokulahlekelwa ngenxa yokwenyuka kwamanani kawoyela.
  2. Ukutholwa kwempahla. Ukuthenga umkhiqizo ngentengo ephansi kunalokho okuzoba njalo esikhathini esizayo.
  3. Ukuqagela. Ecabanga ukuthi intengo yempahla inyukile, umhwebi uyayithenga ukuze ayidayise lapho intengo ikhuphuka.
  4. i-scalping. Njengomthetho, ukuqagela okuzenzakalelayo esikhathini esifushane (kufika kuma-millisecond) izinguquko zentengo.
  5. Ukulamula. Ukuvula okwenziwayo okuphambene komunye nomunye. Isibonelo: ukuthenga isitoko nokuthengisa ikusasa kuso ukuze uzuze ekuphelelweni kwesikhathi kwekusasa.

Iyini ingozi yabasanda kuzalwa?

Abadayisi abasaqalayo bangalahlekelwa yimali yabo yonke ngokungena beqonde “echibini lokuhweba”. Ngaphandle kokuhlangenwe nakho okwanele, cabangela izingozi:

  • ukuba khona kwabathengi abakhohlisayo (kunenombolo engenakubalwa yabo ku-inthanethi);
  • ukukhangisa okuthembisa inzuzo enhle ngenxa yokuchofoza okukodwa kwegundane;
  • ukugetshengwa kwama-akhawunti nama-akhawunti ngenxa yegama eliyimfihlo elilula kakhulu elibekwe umthengisi noma ukugcina amagama ayimfihlo esizindeni somphakathi;
  • ukwethenjwa komhwebi mayelana nokubalwa kwentela ngokushintshanisa – gcina njalo inguqulo esalungiswa yokubala okuzimele;
  • imizwelo yakho ngaphambi kwengqondo lapho wenza izinqumo.

Imibuzo ejwayelekile ukubuzwa

Ukwandisa umkhathi wolwazi lwabo, umuntu ngamunye nakanjani uhlangabezana nendawo yokungazi. Ngokuvumelana nalokho, kuphakama imibuzo emisha. Ngezansi kukhona okuvame kakhulu phakathi kwabatshalizimali nabahwebi.

Ungalenzi kanjani iphutha lapho ukhetha umthengisi?

Kunzima ukukuqonda ekuqaleni. Cabangela imibandela:

  • ukutholakala kwezibuyekezo ezinhle kanye nokungabikho kokubi kuvusa izinsolo – ukubuyekezwa kungase kube inkohliso;
  • isikhathi esanele somsebenzi wenkampani (kanye nesikhathi somsebenzi nekusasa);
  • hlola ukuthi i-brokerage firm inalo yini ilayisense (kunamarejista akhethekile kumawebhusayithi e-Moscow Exchange kanye neBhange LaseRussia);
  • ama-nuances omsebenzi wenkampani kuye ngezidingo zayo: ukusabalala (ikhomishini), amandla, amathuluzi okuhweba adingekayo kanye neminye imingcele enentshisekelo kumthengisi, hhayi inkampani yomdayisi.

Ngingawutholaphi umlando wokucaphuna?

Ukuthuthukisa isu lokuhweba futhi ngokujwayelekile ukuze uthole ukuqeqeshwa okuphelele kakhulu kwezohwebo, abaqalayo emkhakheni bazodinga umlando wezingcaphuno zekusasa eminyakeni edlule. Idatha enjalo ingatholakala kumawebhusayithi asemthethweni wabathengi, kanye namawebhusayithi akhethekile olwazi lwezezimali, isibonelo, https://www.finam.ru/.

Ngingalutholaphi uhlu oluphelele lwekusasa?

Uhlu oluphelele lwezimpahla zesikhathi esizayo lushicilelwa kumawebhusayithi okushintshana nezinkundla zezimali ezikhethekile. Ulwazi lubuyekezwa ngesikhathi esifanele, kungenzeka ukwakha uhlu usebenzisa izihlungi zepharamitha.

Kwenzekani ngosuku lokugcina lokuhweba?

Usuku lokugcina lokuhweba (ukuphelelwa yisikhathi) luletha ukususwa kwekusasa ekuhwebeni. Futhi, ukuphelelwa yisikhathi wusuku lokugcwaliseka kwezibopho okuvunyelenwe ngazo kwinkontileka ngasohlangothini lomthengi nomthengisi. Ngosuku lokuphelelwa yisikhathi esikhathini esizayo sokukhokhelana, ukushintshaniswa kufingqa imiphumela, ngokuya ngemiphumela, amakhredithi kanye nezimali ezidonswayo ezivela kuma-akhawunti omthengisi nomthengi. Ngaphansi kwenkontileka yesikhathi esizayo engalethwa, umthengisi uthola imali yezimpahla, futhi umthengi uthola ilungelo lokuba umnikazi wazo.

Ingabe abatshalizimali bayalidinga ikusasa?

Umtshali-zimali ngamunye uyazinqumela ukuthi uzosebenzisa ithuluzi lezezimali elinjalo njengokuhweba kwesikhathi esizayo. Lapho umtshali-zimali enquma ukukhetha leli thuluzi, kufanele acabangele:

  • ikusasa – ukuthengiselana kwesikhashana okudinga ukugxilisa ingqondo nokunaka;
  • abanikazi bezinkontileka zesikhathi esizayo abayitholi imali engenayo ngendlela yezabelo;
  • uma kwenzeka ukulahlekelwa isikhathi eside, ngeke kwenzeke “ukulinda” (kuze kube yilapho intengo ishintsha endaweni evumayo kumtshali-zimali) (ikusasa lilinganiselwe ngesikhathi).

Yiziphi izici zokukhetha ikusasa ngedethi?

Abanye abathengisi, lapho bekhetha inkontileka yesikhathi esizayo njengepharamitha ebaluleke kakhulu yokwenza isivumelwano, bayeke kulawo makusasa, idethi yokuphelelwa yisikhathi ehlelelwe ikusasa eliseduze. Kungalolu suku lapho kubhekwa khona ukuthengwa kwezimali okuphezulu kakhulu. Iningi lezinkontileka zinesikhathi esiyizinyanga ezintathu. Ukwenziwa kwezinkontileka eziningi kwenzeka ngomhlaka-15. Ngokukhetha ikusasa eliphelelwa yisikhathi ngaphambi kwesikhathi kunamanye, maningi amathuba okwenza inzuzo (kusele isikhathi esincane sokuguquguquka kwentengo). Lokhu akukona okomhlaba wonke, kodwa ukukhetha okuvamile. U-Aristotle uphinde wathi “ukwesaba kwenza abantu bacabange.” Ukuqonda ubungozi bokuhweba ngekusasa kukhuthaza abaqalayo ukuthi bahlale bezifundisa emhlabeni wokuncintisana wezibambiso. Isinyathelo esisha ngasinye kufanele senziwe ngokuqaphela nangokucophelela, sihlaziye imiphumela.

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